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Microbiology Notes Topic Wise

Microbiology Syllabus

Microbiology Notes Topic Wise

Dive into our comprehensive Microbiology syllabus designed to provide a structured learning path through the fascinating world of microorganisms. Our syllabus is organized into distinct topics to help you master the essential concepts of microbiology. Each section is crafted to build your understanding progressively.

1

Agricultural Microbiology Notes - 12

Microbial degradation of cellulose - Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms
Published on July 11, 2025 by Editorial Team
Organic Waste Recycling - Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, Significance
Published on July 10, 2025 by Editorial Team
Microbial Degradation of Lignin - Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, Challenges
Published on July 10, 2025 by Editorial Team
Phyllosphere Microorganisms - Examples, Factors, Effects
Published on July 6, 2025 by Editorial Team
Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Definition, Factors, Process, Steps, Examples
Published on July 5, 2025 by Editorial Team
Microbial degradation of hemicellulose - Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms
Published on July 5, 2025 by Editorial Team
Microbial Degradation of Chitin - Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms
Published on July 5, 2025 by Editorial Team
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) - Life Cycle, Structure, Symptoms, Vector
Published on April 8, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Rhizosphere - Definition, Bacteria, Structure, Importance
Published on March 21, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Dutch elm disease (DED) - Cause, Lifecycle, Spread, Management
Published on March 19, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Fusarium Wilt - Causes, Hosts, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention
Published on March 17, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer - Protocol, Applications, Advantages
Published on March 16, 2024 by Editorial Team

2

Bacteriology Notes - 104

Brucella - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on July 10, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Staphylococcus aureus - Habitat, Morphology, Characteristics, Infection
Published on July 10, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Gram-Negative Bacteria - Structure, Characteristics, Examples
Published on April 18, 2025 by Editorial Team
Gram Positive bacteria - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
Published on April 11, 2025 by Editorial Team
Classification of Bacteria Based on Cell Wall, pH, Temperature, salt, Nutrition, Oxygen, Shape
Published on January 21, 2025 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Transformation - Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples
Published on December 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Conjugation - Definition, Steps, Importance Examples
Published on December 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Transduction - Definition, Types, Steps, Examples
Published on December 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nostoc - Morphology, Life Cycle, Classification, Examples
Published on December 5, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What are bacteria? - Structure, Metabolism, Size, Shape, Examples
Published on December 5, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Actinomycetes - Morphology, Classification, Uses
Published on December 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Clostridium perfringens - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mycoplasma pneumoniae - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 23, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Leptospira interrogans - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, treatment
Published on November 23, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Borrelia recurrentis - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 23, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mycobacterium leprae - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 21, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bordetella pertussis - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 21, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Haemophilus influenzae - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 21, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pseudomonas putida - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Habitat, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Helicobacter pylori - Definition, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vibrio cholerae Food Poisoning - Cholera toxin (CT)
Published on November 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Shigella - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment
Published on November 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Salmonella - Morphology, Antigenic structure, Cultural and Biochemical Characteristics
Published on November 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Nonsporing anaerobes - Definition, Classification, Examples, Diagnosis
Published on November 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Morphology, Pathogenesis, treatment
Published on November 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Streptococcus pyogenes - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on November 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Neisseria meningitidis - Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Pathogenesis, Virulence, Treatment
Published on October 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bacillus cereus - Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors
Published on August 21, 2024 by Editorial Team
Methods For Maintenance and Preservation of Pure Cultures
Published on August 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Streptococcus pneumoniae - Habitat, Morphology, Genomes
Published on August 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Structure of Gram-positive Cell Wall
Published on July 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Wall Structure of Archaebacteria
Published on July 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Cell Wall Structure and Composition
Published on July 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Growth Curve Protocol
Published on June 14, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) Structures and Functions
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Yersinia Pestis - Definition, Structure, Genome, Transmission, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Treponema Pallidum - Definition, Structure, Transmission, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Spirochete - Definition, Morphology, Diseases
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bacterial Secretion Systems - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Importance
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phytoplankton - Definition, Types, Importance, Example
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Morphology of Bacteria - Sizes, Shapes, Arrangements, Examples With Images
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mesophiles - Habitat, Adaptations, Roles, Examples
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gardnerella Vaginalis - Habitat, Morphology, Genome, Treatment
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Campylobacter Infection and Food Poisoning - Campylobacteriosis
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Salmonellosis - Food Infection and Food Poisoning by Salmonella
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Foodborne Infection by Shigella - Shigellosis Food Poisoning
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning - Gastroenteritis
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What are the Pathotypes of E. coli? - ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) - Diseases, Toxins, Mode of Actions, Transmission
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) - Disease, Pathogenesis, Treatment, Diagnosis
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) - Transmission, Disease, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on March 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bacterial Transformation Protocol
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Growth Curve - Definition, Phases, Calculations, Factors, Importance
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Archaebacteria - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Structure, Examples
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eubacteria - Definition, Structure, Characterisitcs, Types, Examples
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gram Negative bacteria - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Importance
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cyanobacteria - Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lactobacillus acidophilus - Definition, Morphology, Classification, Habitat
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) - Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food poisoning by Listeria monocytogenes - Listeriosis
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Coliform Bacteria - Definition, Classification, Examples
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Proteus - Overview
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Serratia marcescens - Overview
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Flagella - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Rotation, Examples
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Diphtheroids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Pathogenesis, Transmission
Published on March 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
L-form bacteria - Definition, Size and shape, Culturing , Applications
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cultivation of bacteria
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Colony Morphology of Bacteria with their identification and Examples
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Asexual Reproduction in bacteria - Definition, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Extremophiles - Definition, Classification, Examples
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Clostridium tetani - Overview
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Clostridium botulinum - Overview
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Structure, Functions
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Sphaeroplasts - Definition, Formation, Applications
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Protoplasts - Definition, Application and Protoplasts Culture
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Protoplasts Isolation
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Protoplasts fusion - Somatic fusion
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Protoplast Culture Methods
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Culture Technique
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Medical Significance of Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chemosynthetic Bacteria - Examples, Definition, Pathways, and Processes
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Photosynthetic Bacteria - Examples, Definition, Vs Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Overview of Bacillus anthracis
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Poisoning by Bacillus cereus - Foodborne Toxins
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Factor affecting bacterial growth
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Endotoxin - Definition, Examples, Structure, Virulence Mechanism
Published on March 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Culture Media Classification, Ingredients, Functions and Preparation.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
What is bacteria? Types, Structure, Shapes, Morphology, Nutrition, Growth, Habitat, Reproduction, Examples.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Glycocalyx - Definition, Composition, Types, Functions.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Capsule - Definition, Functions, Composition, Types, Demonstration, and examples.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Flagellar Movement Mechanisms and Chemotaxis.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fimbriae and Pili - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Differences.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Escherichia coli(E. coli) morphology, arrangement, Cultural Characteristics, Diagnosis
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Growth and Different Environmental Factors Affect Bacterial Growth
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Oxygen Toxicity - Mechanism, Damages, Protective Mechanism
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nutritional types of bacteria - Classification of bacteria based on Nutritional Requirement
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial toxin: Definition, Types, Example.
Published on June 12, 2020 by Editorial Team

3

Basic Microbiology Notes - 94

Membrane Filtration Method - Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications
Published on November 3, 2025 by Sourav Pan
What is the Importance of Microbiology in Nursing?
Published on August 13, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Biosafety levels (BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4) - Primary and Secondary Barriers, Agents
Published on July 4, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Three-domain system - Carl Woese’s Classification
Published on April 30, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Beer-Lambert Law - Definition, Derivation, and Limitations
Published on April 23, 2025 by Sourav Pan
HACCP - Definition, History, Principle, Steps, Advantages
Published on April 23, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Normal Flora of Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract
Published on March 25, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Human Skin Microbiome - Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail
Published on March 25, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Eye and Ear Microbiome - Normal Flora of Eye & Ear
Published on March 24, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Human Microbiome and Normal Flora of Human Body
Published on March 23, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Adaptation - Definition, Types, Reasons, Examples
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Non-communicable diseases - Types, Control, Examples
Published on November 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Communicable Diseases - Types, Transmission, Control
Published on November 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Biological Organization - History, Levels, Importance
Published on November 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Diffusion - Definition, Causes, Significance, Examples
Published on November 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Asexual Reproduction - Definition, Types, Advantages, Examples
Published on November 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sexual Reproduction - Stages, Types, Advantages, Examples
Published on November 5, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phenotype - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sterilization - Physical and Chemical methods
Published on August 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Physical Methods of Sterilization
Published on August 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Archaea - Habitat, Structure, Characteristics, Importance, Examples
Published on August 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
A- Z Microbiology Terms With Definitions - Microbiology Glossary
Published on August 8, 2024 by Sourav Pan
History of Microbiology
Published on June 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
History, Branches, and Career Opportunities of Microbiology
Published on June 4, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Biosafety Guidelines - Biosafety guidelines and regulations
Published on April 3, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Biosafety Cabinet - Definition, Classification (Class I, II, III), Working Mechanism, Application, Features.
Published on April 3, 2024 by Sourav Pan
P-value - definition, significance, formula, table, finding p-value
Published on April 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Hypotonic Solution - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on April 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Tonicity - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on April 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Autotrophs - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Heterotroph - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phylum Nematoda - Classification, Definition, Characteristics, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Binary fission - Definition, Types, Steps, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Kingdom Monera - Classification, Characteristics, Importance, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Embryological Evolution
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Facilitated Diffusion - Definition, Principle, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Simple Diffusion - definition, principle, examples, applications
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Control Group - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) Structures and Functions
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification - Criteria, Advantages and Limitations
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Genus - Definition, Advantages, Uses, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Experimental Group - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Endosymbiotic Theory - Origin of the eukaryotic cell
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Domain - Definition, Development, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
3 Domains of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Controlled Experiment - Definition, Process, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Feedback Mechanism - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Motility - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Microorganism - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Microevolution - Definition, Causes, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Histology - Definition, Methods, Careers, Importance
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Osmotic Pressure - Definition, Equations, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Organism - Definition, Types, Structure, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Obligate Anaerobes - Definition, Identification, Mechanism, Uses, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Negative Feedback - Definition, Mechanism, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Unicellular organism - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Taxonomy - Definition, Hierarchy, Example, Importance
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sporangium - Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Importance
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Scientific Method - Dfinition, Steps, Examples, Importance
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phylum - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phylogeny - Definition, Importance, Limitations, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phototropism - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Photoautotroph - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Budding - Definition, Process, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Fragmentation - Definition, Steps, Importance, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vegetative Propagation - Definition, Types, Methods, Advantages
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Prebiotics - Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Probiotics - Definition, Mechanisms, Health Effects
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Starter Culture - Definition, Types, Preparation, and Applications
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Scope of Microbiology in Nursing
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
History and Scope of Microbiology
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Testing of Disinfectants (evaluation methods of disinfectants)
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Scope of Epidemiology
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Measurement of Bacterial Growth
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Scope of Microbiology
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
RCF Centrifugation and RPM Centrifugation
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sucrose Gradient Centrifugation
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Centrifugation of blood - Blood Separation
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Filtration Sterilization - Types, Mechanism, Uses
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Radiation Sterilization - Types, Mechanism, Applications
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Direct Microscopic Count (DMC) Advantage, Disadvantage.
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Binomial Nomenclature - Definition, Rules, Examples, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Culture Medium - Definition, Preparation, Classification
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Continuous Culture - Definition, Advantage, Application, Systems
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Synchronous Culture - Definition, Methods, Application.
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Diauxic Growth Curve - Definition, Occurrence
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Microbial Control Methods
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Chemical Method of Sterilization - Types, Mode of Action, Application, Examples.
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Spontaneous Generation - Definition, Experiments, Importance
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Introduction of Microbiology and Microbe
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Branches of Microbiology
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Career In Microbiology and Its Importance
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Careers of Microbiologist: Scope, Salary, Jobs, Courses, Eligibility.
Published on March 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan

4

Biochemistry Notes - 103

Microbial degradation of Pectin - Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms
Published on July 5, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Henderson Hasselbalch Equation - Principle, Uses, Practice, Examples
Published on April 23, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Krebs Cycle - Definition, Steps, Products, Regulation
Published on April 18, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Gluconeogenesis - Definition, Steps, Reactions, Substrates, Importance
Published on December 17, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Galactose Metabolism - Steps, Importance, Leloir Pathway
Published on December 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycogenesis - Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Importance
Published on December 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycogenolysis - Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Functions
Published on December 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Fate of Pyruvate - Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Alcohol Formation
Published on December 14, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycogen - Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on December 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycolysis - Definition, Steps, Enzymes, Regulation, Result
Published on December 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Electron Transport Chain - Diagram, Definition, Steps, Products, Importance
Published on December 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Calvin Cycle - Definition, Steps, Products, Functions
Published on November 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Factors That Affects Enzyme Activity
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Collagen - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Classification of Protein On the Basis of Structure, Composition, Functions
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Peptide Bond - Definition, Structure, Formation, Hydrolysis, Examples
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Amino Acids - Physical Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
DNA Ligase - Structure, Types, Mechanism, Functions
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Carbohydrates - Definition, Examples, Structure, Types, and Functions
Published on October 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Biological Macromolecules - Types, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on October 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Elements of Life - AP Biology
Published on October 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding
Published on October 18, 2024 by Sourav Pan
ATP Synthase - Structure, Mechanism, Inhibition, Diseases
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Biomolecule - Definition, Types, Structure, Examples, Significance
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Hormones - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on September 26, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors - Mechanism, Examples
Published on July 25, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Types, Structure, Sources, Functions
Published on June 18, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Proteins - Structure, Properties, Type, Denaturation, Functions
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Four Types of Protein Structure With Diagram - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Lipids - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Classification of Lipid
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Definition, Steps, Enzymes, Factors
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
cGMP Pathway – Definition, Steps, Functions, Regulation
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Photosystem I (PS1) - Structure, Functions
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
G Protein Coupled Receptors - Structure, Functions, and Mechanism
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Lineweaver–Burk Plot - Double Reciprocal Plot
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is Induced Fit Model? - Mechanism, Advantages, Limitations
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is Lock and Key Model? - Mechanism, Advantages, Limitations
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamins - Classification, Source, Importance, Example
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin A - Structure, Functions, Properties, Source and deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin D - Structure, Functions, Synthesis, Mechanism, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin E - Structure, Functions, Synthesis, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin K - Structure, Properties, Biological roles and Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Structure, Properties, Functions, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) - Structure, Properties, Functions, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycolysis 10 Steps With Diagram and ATP Formation
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Macronutrients - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ethanol Metabolism - Steps, Factors, Enzymes, Importance
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Urea Cycle - Steps, Reactions, Enzymes, Products, Regulation
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enzymes - Structure, Types, Mode of Action, Functions, Applications, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enzyme Inhibition - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Michaelis–Menten Model and its Plot, Equation, Importance
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Anabolism - Definition, Stages, Functions, Regulation, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cori Cycle - Definition, Steps, Regulation, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Receptor - Definition, Structure, Types, Mechanism, Importance, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Oxidizing Agent - Definition, Factors, Applications, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Molecule - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ketone Bodies - Definition, Structure, Production, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycoprotein - Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gibberellin - Definition, Structure, Biosynthesis, Functions, Uses
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Feedback Inhibition - Definition, Process, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Synthesis of Fatty Acid
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Amino Acid Formula
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Zwitterion - Definition, Structure, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sphingolipid – Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Active Site For Enzymes - Definition, Features, Mechanism, Example
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Active Transport - Definition, Types, Process, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cellular Respiration Equation, Types, Steps, and Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Uronic Acid Pathway - Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Stereoisomerism - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Epimers - Definition, Characteristics, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mutarotation - Definition, Mechanism, Measurement, Example
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Anomer - Definition, Mechanism, Properties
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Anomer of Glucose
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Haworth Projection - Definition, Characterisitcs, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Polysaccharide - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Disaccharides - Definition, Classification, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Fatty acid - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acid - Definition, Steps, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Energy Rich Compounds - Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate, Thioesters, ATP
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Isomerism - Definition, Types, Explanation, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cis and Trans Isomers - Definition, Properties, Identification, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Linkage isomerism - Definition, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Structural Isomer - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Tautomer (Tautomerism) - Definition, Types, Example, Applications
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Keto Enol Tautomerization - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Triosephosphate Isomerase - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is Entropy?
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gibbs Free Energy
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Monosaccharides - Definition, Structure, Types, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Isomerism - Definition, Types, Examples, Structures
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Structure, Synthesis, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protein Purification Methods
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Thermodynamics - Definition, Types, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Law
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Definition, Steps, Regulation, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Entner–Doudoroff pathway - definition, Steps.
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Glyoxylate Cycle - Definition, Steps, Functions.
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporter Proteins.
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Post-glycolysis processes
Published on March 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Regulation of Glycolysis
Published on March 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
Published on March 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan

5

Amino Acids Notes - 4

Peptide Bond - Definition, Structure, Formation, Hydrolysis, Examples
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Amino Acids - Physical Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Amino Acid Formula
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Zwitterion - Definition, Structure, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

6

Carbohydrate Notes - 23

Microbial degradation of Pectin - Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms
Published on July 5, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Glycogen - Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on December 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Carbohydrates - Definition, Examples, Structure, Types, and Functions
Published on October 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ketone Bodies - Definition, Structure, Production, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycoprotein - Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Stereoisomerism - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Epimers - Definition, Characteristics, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mutarotation - Definition, Mechanism, Measurement, Example
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Anomer - Definition, Mechanism, Properties
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Anomer of Glucose
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Haworth Projection - Definition, Characterisitcs, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Polysaccharide - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Disaccharides - Definition, Classification, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Isomerism - Definition, Types, Explanation, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cis and Trans Isomers - Definition, Properties, Identification, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Linkage isomerism - Definition, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Structural Isomer - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Tautomer (Tautomerism) - Definition, Types, Example, Applications
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Keto Enol Tautomerization - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Triosephosphate Isomerase - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Monosaccharides - Definition, Structure, Types, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Isomerism - Definition, Types, Examples, Structures
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

7

Enzymes Notes - 8

Factors That Affects Enzyme Activity
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Lineweaver–Burk Plot - Double Reciprocal Plot
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is Induced Fit Model? - Mechanism, Advantages, Limitations
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is Lock and Key Model? - Mechanism, Advantages, Limitations
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enzymes - Structure, Types, Mode of Action, Functions, Applications, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enzyme Inhibition - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Michaelis–Menten Model and its Plot, Equation, Importance
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Active Site For Enzymes - Definition, Features, Mechanism, Example
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

8

Fatty Acid Notes - 4

Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Types, Structure, Sources, Functions
Published on June 18, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Synthesis of Fatty Acid
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Fatty acid - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acid - Definition, Steps, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

9

Hormone Notes - 2

Hormones - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on September 26, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gibberellin - Definition, Structure, Biosynthesis, Functions, Uses
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

10

Lipids Notes - 3

Lipids - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Classification of Lipid
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sphingolipid – Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

11

Metabolic Process Notes - 6

Electron Transport Chain - Diagram, Definition, Steps, Products, Importance
Published on December 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Definition, Steps, Enzymes, Factors
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Photosystem I (PS1) - Structure, Functions
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ethanol Metabolism - Steps, Factors, Enzymes, Importance
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Anabolism - Definition, Stages, Functions, Regulation, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cellular Respiration Equation, Types, Steps, and Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

12

Pathways Notes - 16

Krebs Cycle - Definition, Steps, Products, Regulation
Published on April 18, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Gluconeogenesis - Definition, Steps, Reactions, Substrates, Importance
Published on December 17, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Fate of Pyruvate - Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Alcohol Formation
Published on December 14, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycolysis - Definition, Steps, Enzymes, Regulation, Result
Published on December 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
cGMP Pathway – Definition, Steps, Functions, Regulation
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycolysis 10 Steps With Diagram and ATP Formation
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Urea Cycle - Steps, Reactions, Enzymes, Products, Regulation
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cori Cycle - Definition, Steps, Regulation, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Feedback Inhibition - Definition, Process, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Uronic Acid Pathway - Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Definition, Steps, Regulation, Importance
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Entner–Doudoroff pathway - definition, Steps.
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Glyoxylate Cycle - Definition, Steps, Functions.
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Post-glycolysis processes
Published on March 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Regulation of Glycolysis
Published on March 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
Published on March 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan

13

Proteins Notes - 10

Classification of Protein On the Basis of Structure, Composition, Functions
Published on October 28, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Proteins - Structure, Properties, Type, Denaturation, Functions
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Four Types of Protein Structure With Diagram - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
G Protein Coupled Receptors - Structure, Functions, and Mechanism
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Receptor - Definition, Structure, Types, Mechanism, Importance, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Glycoprotein - Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Active Transport - Definition, Types, Process, Functions, Examples
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protein Purification Methods
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporter Proteins.
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

14

Thermodynamics Notes - 3

What is Entropy?
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gibbs Free Energy
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Thermodynamics - Definition, Types, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Law
Published on March 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

15

Vitamin Notes - 7

Vitamins - Classification, Source, Importance, Example
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin A - Structure, Functions, Properties, Source and deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin D - Structure, Functions, Synthesis, Mechanism, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin E - Structure, Functions, Synthesis, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin K - Structure, Properties, Biological roles and Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Structure, Properties, Functions, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) - Structure, Properties, Functions, Deficiency
Published on March 31, 2024 by Sourav Pan

16

Bioinformatics Notes - 25

What is Protein Information Resource (PIR) Database?
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)?
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (EMBL-Bank)?
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
How do you access gene sequences from NCBI? - Step by Step Process
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
NCBI Database and Tools - National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Databases in Bioinformatics - Types, Functions, Examples, Tools
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bioinformatics - Definition, Introduction, Purpose, Applications
Published on September 16, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Python Programming Language in Bioinformatics
Published on July 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Primary Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Secondary Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, Uses
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protein Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Nucleotide Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, Uses
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Homology Modeling - Definition, Steps, Diagram, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP)
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
In Silico drug designing and role of bioinformatics
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is Genomics?
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Human Genome Project - An Overview
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gene Prediction - Definition, Methods, Importance
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
FASTA - Definition, Programs, Working, Steps, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
BLAST - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Outputs, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sequence Alignment - Definition, Types, Tools, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Different Programming Language for Bioinformatics
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
R Programming Language in Bioinformatics
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phylogenetic Tree - Definition, Types, Steps, Methods, Uses
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
How to construct a Phylogenetic tree?
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan

17

Biotechnology Notes - 13

Germplasm conservation Methods
Published on October 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Micropropagation - Definition, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Applications of Plant Biotechnology
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Transgenics in Crop Improvement - Insect, Viral, Disease, Abiotic Stresses resistance
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
BT Cotton - Definition, Features, Development, Advantages, Limitations
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bt Crops - Definition, Types, Advantages, Limitations
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Applications of Biotechnology
Published on October 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Bombardment (Biolistics) Method for Plant Cells - Principle, Requirement, Protocol
Published on October 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Electrofusion Technique for Plants - Requirement, Protocol, Advantages, Uses
Published on October 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer in Plants
Published on October 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Molecular Basis of Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases - Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s, Sickle Cell Anaemia
Published on September 22, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Expressing Cloned genes in Animal cells and its Applications
Published on September 22, 2024 by Sourav Pan
List of Top Biotechnology Techniques
Published on April 3, 2024 by Sourav Pan

18

Cell Biology Notes - 133

Cell Organelles - Structure, Functions, Diagram
Published on April 19, 2025 by Editorial Team
Cancer Cell - Definition, Types, Morphology, Development
Published on November 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell Differentiation - Definition, Process & Examples
Published on November 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Gamete - Types, Formation, Functions, Examples
Published on November 6, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Egg Cell - Structure, Types, Functions
Published on November 5, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Osmosis - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Significance, Examples
Published on October 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Membrane Permeability - Definition, Factors Affects, Examples
Published on October 26, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle - G1, G2, Metaphase (Spindle) Checkpoints
Published on October 23, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell Cycle - Definition, Phases, Checkpoints, Regulation
Published on October 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Compartmentalization - Definition, Types, Origins, Importance, Advantages
Published on October 21, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Osmoregulation - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Importance
Published on October 21, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell - Structure, Characteristics, Types, Size and Shape, Functions
Published on October 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mode of Transport Across Plasma Membrane
Published on October 20, 2024 by Editorial Team
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - Definition, Types, chemistry, Defence, Roles
Published on October 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Plasmodesmata - Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
Published on October 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biomolecule - Definition, Types, Structure, Examples, Significance
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cell Division - Definition, Types, Mitosis, Meiosis, Cell cycle
Published on October 2, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Nervous System - Definition, Parts, Functions
Published on September 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Animal Cell - Diagram, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on September 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microvilli - Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
Published on August 16, 2024 by Editorial Team
Zygote - Definition, Formation, Development, Example
Published on June 5, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Hemoglobin - Definition, Structure and Function
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spindle Fibers - Definition, Types, Structure, Formation, Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Secretion - Definition, Mechanism, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pseudopod - Definition, Types, Formation, Functions, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prophase - Definition, Staining, Steps, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prophase I - Definition, Stages, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prophase II - Definition, Stages, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prometaphase - Definition, Stages, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Liposome - Definition, Structure, Composition, Applications
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Integral Protein - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Daughter Cells - Definition, Formation, Importance, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prokaryotic Ribosomes - Definition, Subunits, Function
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Diploid - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Embryology - Definition, Types, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Embryonic Stem Cells - Definition, Properties, Applications
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Endosymbiosis - Definition, Theory, Evidence, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eukaryotic Cell - Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Vacuole - Definition, Types, Formation, Structure, Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Haploid - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
HeLa Cells - Definition, Characteristics, Significance, Applications
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chloroplast - Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Location, Functions, and Diagram
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Wall - Definition, Structure, Composition, Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleus - Definition, Structure, Diagram, and Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Structure, Functions and Diagram
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ribosome - Types, Structure, Function, and Diagram
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Centrioles - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Peroxisomes -Definition, Structure, Enzymes, and Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Vacuoles - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, and Diagram
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cellular Junctions - Types and Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Golgi Body (Golgi Complex) - Structure, Functions
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
How is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis?
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Plastids - Types, Structure, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Disruption - Definition, Methods, Application
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Blood Cells - Definition, Types, Structure and Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Endocytosis - Definition, Steps, Types, Mechanism, Function, Examples
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
White Blood Cell (Leukocytes) - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of Cells - Definition, Examples, Importance
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Theory - Definition, History, Principles, Modern Theory, Examples
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Plasmolysis - Definition, Stages, Functions, Examples,
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Telophase - Definition, Mechanism, Significance
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Fusion - Definition, Types, Significance
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Centrosome - Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagram
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Membrane Lipids - Definition, Structure, Formation, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Passive Transport - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Membrane Proteins - Definition, Types, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Monocytes - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cytoplasmic Matrix - Definition, Structure, Properties
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis - Definition, Mechanism, Functions, Regulation
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis - Definition, Process
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Platelets (Thrombocytes) - Definition, Structure, Function
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Storage Granules - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cilia - Definition, Structure, Types, Function
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell proliferation - Definition, Types, differentiation, assay, diseases
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cytokinesis - Definition and Process In animal and Plant Cells
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Coat - Definition, Functions, Structure
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mitosis - Definition, Phases, Significance, Functions
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Meiosis - Definition, Types, Steps, Importance, Examples
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gametogenesis - Definition, Types, Steps
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fertilization - Definition, Types, Process
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Necrosis - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Causes
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Signal Transduction Pathway - Definition, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Sandwich (Davson–Danielli) model of cell membrane
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mesosomes - Definition, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lysosome - Definition, Structure, Functions, Types
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Inclusion Bodies - Definition, Classification, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleoid - Definition, Functions, Characteristics
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chromosome - Definition, Function, Structure, Types
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chromosome Abnormalities - Types, Mechanism, Detection
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Signaling - Definition, Types, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cyclic AMP Pathway (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transfection - Definition, Types, Principle, Applications
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Parthenogenesis - Definition, Types
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Red Blood Cell - Morphology, Size, Shape, Color and Inclusion Bodies
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of Plant Cell
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Growth - Definition, Types, Mechanisms
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Genetic Code - Definition, Characteristics, Wobble Hypothesis
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleolus - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transfection Protocols - Principle, Protocol, Uses
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transfection PEI (Polyethylenimine) Protocol
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lentiviral Transfection Protocol
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Reverse transfection - Definition, Protocol, Applications
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Apoptosis Pathway- Definition, Functions, Mechanism, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Plasmids - Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Different Plasma Membrane Models
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Peripheral Protein - Structure, Examples, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Channel Protein - Definition, Structure, Function, Example
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microtubules - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Intermediate Filaments - Definition, Structure, Function
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microfilaments - Definition, Structure, Function
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mitochondria - Definition, Origin, Structure, Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbodies - Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - Definition, Structure, Location, and Function
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transitional epithelium - Definition, Structure, Function, Location, and Example
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prokaryotic cells - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Epithelial Tissue - Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Vesicles - Definition, Structure, Types, and Functions
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Secretory Vesicles - Definition, Structure, Functions, and Diagram
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cilia and Flagella - Definition, Structure, Function
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Golgi Apparatus - Definition, Structure, Functions, and Diagram
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lysosomes - Definition, Structure, Formation, Functions, Types and Diagram
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Endospore - Definition, Formation, Germination, Structure, Resistance
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Exocytosis - Definition, Types, Steps, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Metaphase - Definition, Stages, Applications
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cytoplasm - Functions, Structure, Definition, and Diagram
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Plant cell - Structure, Definition, Diagram, Organelles
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Stroma in chloroplast and Stroma in Animal Tissue
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Membrane Carbohydrate - Types, Structure, and Function
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Structure and Functions - Cell Organelles
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team

19

Blood Cells Notes - 1

Red Blood Cell - Morphology, Size, Shape, Color and Inclusion Bodies
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team

20

Disease Notes - 7

Rickettsia Infection - Transmission, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on January 16, 2025 by Editorial Team
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - Pathogenesis, Treatments, Diagnosis, Prevention
Published on January 16, 2025 by Editorial Team
Transmission of Diseases
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of Crystals in Urine - Causes, Factors, Identification
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Germ Theory of Disease
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hand Washing Steps And Guidelines By CDC and WHO with Video and Infographic
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pathogen Virulence Factors Definition and Pathogenicity
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team

21

Ecology Notes - 33

Desert Ecosystem - Definition, Types, Importance
Published on October 8, 2025 by Editorial Team
Effect of Density of Populations - AP Biology Notes
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Keystone Species - Types, Characteristics, Their Role in Ecosystem Stability, Examples
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ecology in Wildlife Conservation and Management
Published on October 2, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Population genetics - Unitary and modular population, Hardy-Weinberg law
Published on October 2, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Population Characteristics
Published on October 2, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ecological Succession - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Climax Community - Definition, Characteristics, Theories
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Detritus Food Chain - Definition, Energy Flow, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Grazing Food Chain - Definition, Types, Examples and Features
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Models of Energy Flow in a Ecosystem - Linear and Y-shaped food chains
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biogeochemical Cycle - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ecological efficiency - Definition, Factors, Calculation, Applications
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Zonation - Definition, Types, Importance, Example
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Altitudinal Zonation - Definition, Factors, Importance, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Vertical Zonation - Definition, Types, Causes, Factors, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biodiversity - Definition, Types, Importance, Conservation
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Community Characteristics - Dominance, Diversity, Species richness, Abundance, Stratification
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biological Magnification -Definition, Causes, Effects
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Grassland Ecosystem - Definition, Types, Components
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Forest Ecosystem - Definition, Types, Functions
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pyramid of Biomass - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Introduction to Ecology - Definition, Types, History, levels of organization
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Population - Definition, Characteristics, Growth, Regulation, Types
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gause’s Principle With laboratory and Field examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lotka Volterra equation for competition and Predation
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Community - Definition, Types, Characterisitcs, Importance
Published on March 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Terrestrial Ecosystem - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Aquatic Ecosystem - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Food Chain - Definition, Types, Parts, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Energy Flow in Ecosystem
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ecological Pyramids - Definition, Types, Examples, Importance, Limitations
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Food Web - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on March 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan

22

Environmental Microbiology Notes - 65

Biodiversity Hotspots - Definition, Criteria, Importance, Examples
Published on April 27, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Rhizosphere - Definition, Bacteria, Structure, Importance
Published on March 21, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Global Warming - Definition, Causes, Effects, Solution
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Deforestation - Definition, Causes, Effects, Control
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Decomposition - Definition, Types, Process, Advantages
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Disruptions to Ecosystems - Causes, Consequences, Preventions
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mycorrhiza - Definition, Types, Examples, Importance
Published on August 31, 2024 by MN Editors
Phosphorus Cycle - Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, and Human Impacts
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Pyramid of Numbers - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbial interaction - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Carbon Fixation - Process, Pathways, Importance
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Primary Consumers - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Secondary Consumers - Definition, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Soil Biology - Definition, Types, Proterties, Importance
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eutrophication - Definition, Causes, Types, and Effects
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nitrogen Cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Types of Microorganisms In Pond Water
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biotic Factors of a Desert
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biodegradation - Definition, Steps, Factors, Applications
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Denitrification - Definition, Process, Factors
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Host Pathogen Interaction
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Bioaerosol - Definition, Types, Collection, Transmission
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Extremophiles - Microbiology of Extreme Environments Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bioremediation - Definition, Types, Application
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Microbe-Plant interaction - Types, Examples
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Nodulation - Steps, Structure, Functions
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Nitrogen Fixation - Definition, Importance, Processes
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Carbon cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Sulphur cycle - Definition, Steps, Types, Importance
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Iron and Manganese Cycles - Steps, Importance
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Distribution Of Microorganisms In Aquatic Environment
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Air microbiology and Dispersal of Microbes
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Microbe-Microbe Interactions
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Sludge Wastes Treatment - Methods, Types, Factors, Uses
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Composting - Methods, Types, Factors, Importance
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Solid Waste Management
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Oxidation Pond - Definition, Mechanisms
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) - Definition, Importance, Measurement
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Definition, Measurement, Importance
Published on May 26, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Waste Source, Definition, Types, Impacts
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Liquid Waste Management
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Sewage Treatment - Wastewater Treatment Procedure
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Degradation of Pesticides - Types, Mechanisms
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Phytoremediation - Definition, Types, Mechanisms
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Bioaccumulation - Definition, Mechanisms, Applications
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Soil profile and Soil Horizon - Definition, Types, Importance
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Soil Microorganisms - Types, Examples, Factors, Importance
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mutualism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Commensalism - Definition, Types, Example
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Predation - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Producers - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Consumers - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Decomposers - Definition, Mechanisms, Types, Example
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Symbiosis - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Parasitism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Amensalism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Competition Interaction - Definition and Types with Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Levels of Ecological Organization - Definition, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Interactions In communities - Types, Definition, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Factors Of Ecosystem - Definition, Types
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Abiotic Factors - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Biotic Factors - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Structure and Function of Ecosystems - Definition, Types
Published on May 24, 2024 by MN Editors

23

Biogeochemical Cycling Notes - 9

Phosphorus Cycle - Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, and Human Impacts
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Carbon Fixation - Process, Pathways, Importance
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eutrophication - Definition, Causes, Types, and Effects
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nitrogen Cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Denitrification - Definition, Process, Factors
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Nitrogen Fixation - Definition, Importance, Processes
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Carbon cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Sulphur cycle - Definition, Steps, Types, Importance
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Iron and Manganese Cycles - Steps, Importance
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors

24

Ecosystem Notes - 13

Rhizosphere - Definition, Bacteria, Structure, Importance
Published on March 21, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Disruptions to Ecosystems - Causes, Consequences, Preventions
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pyramid of Numbers - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Primary Consumers - Definition, Importance, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Secondary Consumers - Definition, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biotic Factors of a Desert
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Producers - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Consumers - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Decomposers - Definition, Mechanisms, Types, Example
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Levels of Ecological Organization - Definition, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Factors Of Ecosystem - Definition, Types
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Abiotic Factors - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Biotic Factors - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors

25

Microbial Bioremediation Notes - 6

Biodegradation - Definition, Steps, Factors, Applications
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bioremediation - Definition, Types, Application
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Degradation of Pesticides - Types, Mechanisms
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Phytoremediation - Definition, Types, Mechanisms
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Bioaccumulation - Definition, Mechanisms, Applications
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors

26

Microbial Interactions Notes - 14

Mycorrhiza - Definition, Types, Examples, Importance
Published on August 31, 2024 by MN Editors
Microbial interaction - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Host Pathogen Interaction
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Microbe-Plant interaction - Types, Examples
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Nodulation - Steps, Structure, Functions
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Microbe-Microbe Interactions
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Mutualism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Commensalism - Definition, Types, Example
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Predation - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Symbiosis - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Parasitism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Amensalism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Competition Interaction - Definition and Types with Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Interactions In communities - Types, Definition, Examples
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors

27

Microorganisms and their Habitats Notes - 11

Rhizosphere - Definition, Bacteria, Structure, Importance
Published on March 21, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Soil Biology - Definition, Types, Proterties, Importance
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of Microorganisms In Pond Water
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bioaerosol - Definition, Types, Collection, Transmission
Published on May 28, 2024 by MN Editors
Extremophiles - Microbiology of Extreme Environments Definition, Types, Examples
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team
Distribution Of Microorganisms In Aquatic Environment
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Air microbiology and Dispersal of Microbes
Published on May 27, 2024 by MN Editors
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Soil profile and Soil Horizon - Definition, Types, Importance
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors
Soil Microorganisms - Types, Examples, Factors, Importance
Published on May 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Structure and Function of Ecosystems - Definition, Types
Published on May 24, 2024 by MN Editors

28

Waste Management Notes - 11

Sludge Wastes Treatment - Methods, Types, Factors, Uses
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Composting - Methods, Types, Factors, Importance
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Solid Waste Management
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Oxidation Pond - Definition, Mechanisms
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) - Definition, Importance, Measurement
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Definition, Measurement, Importance
Published on May 26, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Waste Source, Definition, Types, Impacts
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Liquid Waste Management
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Sewage Treatment - Wastewater Treatment Procedure
Published on May 26, 2024 by MN Editors
Degradation of Pesticides - Types, Mechanisms
Published on May 25, 2024 by MN Editors

29

Water Potability Notes - 0

No posts found in this subcategory.

30

Epidemiology Notes - 1

Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic Definition In Microbiology.
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team

31

Food Microbiology Notes - 58

Heat Treatment for Food Preservation
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Single Cell Protein (SCP) – Definition, Sources, Production, Uses
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gas Treatment in Food Preservation Technique
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Seafood Toxins and Fish & Shellfish Poisoning
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Preservation method by Low Temperature - Refrigeration, Chilling, Freezing
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Preservation - Chemical Preservatives with Types, Examples
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Technology, Bioengineering and Bioreactor
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pasteurization - Definition, Types, Process, Uses
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ozone Treatment as a Food Preservation Technique
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Yersinia enterocolitica Food Poisoning - Yersiniosis
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation of Milk and Milk Products From Microbial Spoilage
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbial Spoilage of Milk and Milk Products - Cream, Butter, Cheese, Yoghurt, Ice-cream
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation of Meat and Meat Products From Microbial Spoilage
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spoilage of Chocolate and Its Preservation
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spoilage of Confectionery and Its Preservation
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbial spoilage of Beverages and their preservation
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spoilage of Eggs - Contamination, Preservation Steps
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation, and Spoilage of Meats and Meat Products
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Clostridium Perfringens Food Poisoning
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Irradiation - Definition, Symbol, Process, Applications, Disadvantages
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
High-Pressure Processing (HPP) - Dfinition, Principle, Process, Applications
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbial Spoilage of Canned foods And Its Preservation Methods - Canning Steps
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation and Spoilage of Canned Foods
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cultures Production for Food Fermentations
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fermentation Foods - Bread
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Traditional Indian Fermented Foods
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fermentation Foods - Malt Beverages
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fermentation Foods - Wines
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fermentation Foods - Vinegar
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spoilage and Defects of Fermented Dairy Products
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Oriental Fermented Foods
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Botulism Food Poisoning by Clostridium botulinum
Published on May 24, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation, and Spoilage of Poultry
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbial spoilage of fish and fish products and its preservation
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation, and Spoilage of Milk and Milk Products
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation, and Spoilage of Vegetables and Fruit
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Foodborne Microorganism - Yeasts
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Preservation by chemicals - Food Additives
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Preservation by Irradiation
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contamination, Preservation, and Spoilage of Cereals and Cereal Products
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Preservation and Spoilage of Sugars and Sugar Products
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contamination of Foods
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Microflora - Molds
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Foodborne Microorganism - Bacteria
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Spoilage General Principles - Chemical Changes Caused by Microorganisms
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Principles of Food Preservation
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Methods of food preservation - Physical and Chemical Methods
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Preservation By Low Temperatures
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Food Preservation by Using High Temperatures
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Drying Method of Food Preservation - Types, Methods, Examples
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in food
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Factors Affecting The Growth Of Microorganisms In Foods
Published on May 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fermentation - Definition, Types, Principle, Products, Stages, Limitations
Published on May 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
What are Immune Booster Foods?
Published on May 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microbial Food Spoilage - Causes, Classification, Process, Factors
Published on May 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microorganisms in food Spoilage - Microbes in food spoilage
Published on May 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Milk Pasteurization - Definition, Procedure, Types, Purpose
Published on May 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Food Poisoning - Symptoms, Prevention, Causes & Treatment.
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team

32

Genetics Notes - 100

Plasmid Replication - Mechanism With Diagram
Published on November 2, 2025 by Editorial Team
Genetic variation - Definition, Types, Causes, Examples
Published on October 15, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Artificial Selection - Theory, Types, Advantages, Examples
Published on October 14, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Different model of Replication - Theta, rolling circle, and linear DNA replication
Published on October 14, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Codon Chart - Codon Table, mRNA Codon Chart, Amino Acids & RNA Wheel Explained
Published on October 14, 2025 by Editorial Team
Gene Expression and Cell Specialization - AP Biology Notes
Published on October 25, 2024 by Sourav Pan
DNA Helicases - Structure, Types, Mechanism, Functions, Examples
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Nondisjunction - Types, Causes, Consequences, Examples
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Transgenic Animal - Definition, Methods, Applications, Examples
Published on September 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Point mutation - Definition, Causes, Types, Examples
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Missense Mutation - Definition, Types, Causes, Examples
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Nonsense Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Silent Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples, Applications
Published on September 12, 2024 by Editorial Team
Frameshift Mutation - Definition, Types, Causes, Examples
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Chromosomal Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Somatic Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Induced Mutation - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on September 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Types of Mutations
Published on September 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mutation - Types, Causes, Mechanisms, Agents, Importance
Published on September 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Crossing Over - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Significance, Example
Published on September 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Two-Point and Three-Point Crosses
Published on September 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Linkage - Definition, Characteristic, Types, Example, Importance
Published on September 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pedigree Analysis - Types, Chart, Symbols, Methods, Examples
Published on September 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sex Determination - Definition, Methods, Significance
Published on September 11, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Sex-linked Inheritance - Definition, Characteristics, Examples
Published on September 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Published on September 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pleiotropism - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on September 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cytoplasmic or Extra-Nuclear Inheritance - Definition, Examples, Significance
Published on September 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Chi-square Test - Types, Formula, Practice Problems, Applications
Published on September 10, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Epistasis - Definition, Causes, Types, Examples
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gene Interaction - Definition, Types, Examples, Importance
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lethal Allele - Definition, Types, Causes, Examples
Published on September 9, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Alleles - Definition, Characteristics, Types, Examples
Published on September 9, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Multiple Alleles - Definition, Characteristics, Examples, Importance
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Polygenic Inheritance (Quantitative inheritance) - Characteristics, Mechanism, Examples, Importance
Published on September 9, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Incomplete Dominance - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Codominance - Definition, Examples, Importance
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
What is Non-Mendelian Inheritance?
Published on September 9, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mendel’s Law of Segregation - Definition, Principle, Examples, Limitations
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment - Definition, Examples, Limitations
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mendel’s Law of Dominance - Definition, Characteristics, Limitations, Examples
Published on September 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mendel’s 3 Laws of Inheritance - Segregation, Independent Assortment, Dominance
Published on September 8, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance - Mendelian Inheritance
Published on September 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - Structure, Replication Mechanism, Factors
Published on August 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Karyotyping - Definition, Steps, Procedure and Applications
Published on July 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
The Wobble Hypothesis - Definition, Exaplanation, Importance
Published on June 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Karyotype and Idiogram - Definition, Procedure, Steps, Applications
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chargaff’s Rules - First and Second Rule
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
What is Dihybrid Cross? Examples, Steps, Importance
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA polymerase II - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme)
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA polymerase IV - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Deletion Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Interphase - Definition, Stages, Control, Importance
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Genetic Engineering - Definition, Tools, Steps, Advantages, Applications, Examples
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA polymerase I - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Recombinant DNA - Definition, Formation, Applications, Examples
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chromosome Mapping - Definition, Types, Steps, Unit, Importance
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Exon - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
RNA Splicing - Definition, Types, Mechanisms
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
RNA - Definition, Structure, Types, Application
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleoside - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
gab Operon - Definition, Structure, Regulation
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Monohybrid Cross - Definition, Steps, Examples, Practice
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gene Mapping - Definition, Types, Applications
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Naked DNA - Definition, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gene Silencing - Definition, Process, Techniques, Applications
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gene Therapy - Definition, Types, Vectors, Applications
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lac Operon (lactose operon) - Definition, Structure, Mechanisms
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Repressible operon
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Arabinose Operon - Definition, Structure, Mechanism
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
How L-arabinose operon different from other operons?
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Galactose (Gal) Operon - Structure, Regulation
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Operon - Structure, Definition, Types, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Intron - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spliceosome - Definition, Types, Structure, Mechanism
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
5' Capping and Polyadenylation - Definition, Mechanism
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
shRNA (Short-hairpin RNA) Structure, Definition, Mechanism
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) - Structure, Types, Definition
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Enhancer RNAs - Definition, Biogenesis, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) - Definition, Structure, Properties
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
RNA Interference (RNAi) - Definition, Mechanism, Application
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ribozymes (RNA enzymes) - Definition, Structure, Function, Types
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
tRNA - Structure, Definition, Functions, Types
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
mRNA - Structure, Definition, Functions, Types
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
mRNA Degradation in Prokaryotic Cells
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
rRNA - Structure, Definition, Types, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
siRNA (Small Interfering RNA) - Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
miRNA (microRNA) Structure, Functions, Application
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Frederick Griffith Experiment - Bacterial transformation
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides - Structure, Occurrence and Properties
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Experiments on DNA - Watson and Crick, Griffith, Chargaff, Hershey and Chase, Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hershey–Chase experiment On DNA
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleotides and Nucleosides - Definition, Structure, Function, Types
Published on May 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Recombination - Definition, Mechanisms, Types
Published on May 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transposition - Definition, Types, Mechanism
Published on May 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Characteristic of Genetic Code
Published on May 28, 2024 by Editorial Team

33

Immunology Notes - 108

Nervous System - Definition, Parts, Functions
Published on September 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Effect of Antibiotics on the Cell Wall
Published on July 26, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of Immunoelectrophoresis
Published on May 17, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transplantation - Definition, Types, Examples
Published on April 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
Tumor Immunology - Definition, features
Published on April 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
Stem cell - Definition, Types, Application, Advantages
Published on April 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
T cell (T Lymphocyte) - Definition, Structure, Types, Development, Functions
Published on April 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
B cell or B lymphocytes - Definition, Function, Types
Published on April 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
Neutrophil - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eosinophil - Definition, Functions, Features, Structure
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Dendritic cell - Definition, Location, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Body Lines of Defense - Types, Examples
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Anatomical and Physiological Barriers of Immune System
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Primary and Secondary Immune Response
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Humoral Immunity - Definition, Mechanism
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Tumor Antigen
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cancer Immunotherapy
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fermentation Media - Media Used For The Growth of Microorganisms in Industries
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Capillary Electrophoresis - Definition, Principle, Types and Application
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Flow Cytometry - Types, Purpose, Reagents, Examples, Application
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Agglutination Reaction - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Applications
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Opsonization - Definition, Mechanism, Types, Examples
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Basophil - Definition, Mechanism, Structure, Functions
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Phagocytosis - Definition, Steps, and Example
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Vaccines - Definition, Development, Mechanism, Types, Examples, Side Effects
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Natural killer (NK) cells - Definition, Structure, Function, Mechanism
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Monoclonal Antibodies - Definition, Types, Production, Side Effect, Applications
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Complement Components - Definition, Functional categories
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lymphocytes - Definition, Development, Types and Functions
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Which Factors affects Immunogenicity? - Factors affecting Immunogenicity
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Indirect ELISA- Introduction, Steps, Advantages and Protocol
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antibody - Structure, Types, Functions and Properties
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Different classes of Antibodies and Their Properties and Function
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
ELISA test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Types, Steps, Uses
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hematopoiesis - Definition, Process, Locations
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Different Types of Immunological Techniques With Examples
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
MHC Molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex) - Definition, Properties, Class, Types, Pathways
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antigen Processing, and Presentation - MHC Class I, Class II,
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immune Response - Definition, Factors, Types, Examples
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rh Blood Group System - Definition, Antigens, Antibody
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Autoimmunity - Definition, Types, Tolerance, Pathogenesis, Mechanisms
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity Reaction - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity - Definition, Mechanism, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Type III Hypersensitivity - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Major Histocompatibility Complex I - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Type IV or Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHC II molecules) - Structure, Mechanism and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lymph Nodes - Definition, Location, Structure and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Passive Immunization - Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bone Marrow - Definition, Types, Structure and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spleen - Definition, Location, Structure and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunoglobulin G (IgG Antibody)- Definition, Structure, Subclasses and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Active Immunization - Definition, Mechanism, Advantages, Disadvantages, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunoglobulin A (IgA Antibody) - Structure, Subclasses and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) - Definition, Features, Structure, Functions and Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunoglobulin M (IgM Antibody) - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Non-Specific Immune Response - Definition, Mechanism
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Inflammation - Definition, Causes, Symptoms
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) - Definition, Properties, Structure and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mast cell - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - Definition, Structure and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Macrophage - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunofluorescence Assay - Principle, Protocol, Types, Uses
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Autoimmune Disease - Definition, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Coomb’s Test - Direct and Indirect Coomb’s Test
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Innate Immunity - Definition, Types, Mechanism
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antigen Processing and Presentation - Cytosolic Pathway and Endocytic Pathway
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Superantigens (SAgs) - Definition, Structure, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
T Dependent Antigen and T Independent Antigen
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Precipitation Reaction - Definition, Principle, Types
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunity - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Components, and Immunization
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Organs of Immune System – Lymphoid Organs
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cells of Immune System - Types and Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Active Immunity - Definition, Characteristics, Types, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Passive Immunity - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Complement System - Definition, Activation, Effects, Regulation
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Biological Consequences of Complement Activation
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Classical Pathway of Complement Activation
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Alternative Pathway of Complement System
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lectin Pathway of the Complement System
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Expression of MHC Molecules
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
MHC Genes - H-2 Complex and HLA Complex
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antigen-Antibody Interaction Reaction - Definition, Types, Examples, Properties
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antigen - Definition, Types, Structure, Detection, Properties
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Agglutination Test - definition, Types, Uses, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunodiffusion Reaction
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Flow Cytometry - Principle, Process, Uses
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Tumor - Types, Tumor Antigens, Risk Factors
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunotherapy For Tumors
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunodeficiencies - Definition, Types, Animal models(Nude and SCID mice)
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Animal Models for Autoimmune Diseases
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hypersensitivity - Definition, Types, Mechanisms, Examples
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cytotoxic T cells - Development, Activation, Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cell Mediated Immune Response
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Immunological Tolerance - Definition, Mechanism, Types
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nosocomial Infection - Prevention, Source, Transmission
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
The Complement Pathway - Activation, Functions, and Deficiencies.
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transmission of Diseases
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cytokinesis - Definition and Process In animal and Plant Cells
Published on April 7, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mode of action of antibiotics and classification.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antifungal Drug - Mode of Action
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antiviral Drug - Mode of Action
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antibiotic Resistance - Definition, Mechanism, Example.
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team

34

Industrial microbiology Notes - 24

Brief History And Developments In Industrial Microbiology
Published on November 2, 2025 by Editorial Team
Starter Cultures - Preparation, Maintenance and Preservation
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Yeasts Starter Cultures
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Industrial centrifuge - Definition, Parts, Types, Uses
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Production Media - Definition, Characteristics, Examples, Uses
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Wine Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lactic Acid Starter Culture
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Factors Affecting Fermentation Characteristics of Starter Cultures
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
L-Glutamic Acid Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Vitamin B12 Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Beer Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gluconic Acid Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Acetic Acid Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ethanol Production (Alcohol) - Ethanol fermentation
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Penicillin Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Enzyme Immobilization - Definition, Methods, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Downstream Processing Steps
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Citric Acid Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lactic Acid Production
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Photo bioreactor - Definition, Types, Application, Advantages
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Production Strain - Screening, Development, Preservation, Preparation
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bioprocess Engineering - Definition, Types, Uses
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Raw Materials for Production Media
Published on January 29, 2024 by Editorial Team

35

Intellectual Property Rights Notes - 9

Geographical Indications - Definition, Process, Benefits, Examples
Published on October 13, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Intellectual Property Rights - Definition, Types, Importance, Examples
Published on October 12, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Intellectual Property in Biotechnology - Objective, Applications, Moral Issues
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protection of Plant Varieties - Objectives, Criteria, Process
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Industrial Designs - Objectives, Rights, Infringements, Defences of Design Infringement
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protection of Traditional Knowledge - Objective, Significance, Issues
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Patents - Definition, Objectives, Rights, Process, Examples
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Copyrights - Definition, Objective, Terms, Rights, Registration, Transfer
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Trademarks - Definition, Objectives, Types, Registration Process, Infringement
Published on September 15, 2024 by Sourav Pan

36

Medical Microbiology Notes - 37

Endocrine System - Definition, Structure, Primary and Secondary glands
Published on September 27, 2024 by Editorial Team
Synapse - Definition, Structure, Principles, Types & Function
Published on September 23, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nervous System - Definition, Parts, Functions
Published on September 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Muscle Cell - Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
Published on May 20, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hyaline Casts in Urine - Types, Morphology, Clinical Significance
Published on May 20, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Male Reproductive System - Organs, Structure, Functions
Published on May 20, 2024 by Editorial Team
Physiology of hearing - Ear Structure, Functions
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Skeletal System - Definition, Types, Anatomy, Functions
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ultra structure of skeletal muscle - Definition, Functions
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Characteristics of Muscle Twitch - Motor Unit, Summation and Tetanus
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Physiology of Vision - Eye Structure, Function, Vision Mechanism
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
How Neurons Communicate - Resting membrane potential
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Neuromuscular Junction - Definition, Structure, Steps, Significance
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Reflex Action - Definition, Types, Mechanism & Examples
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacterial Food Poisoning - Symptoms, Prevention, Causes & Treatment.
Published on May 19, 2024 by Editorial Team
Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic Definition In Microbiology.
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
ELISA test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Types, Steps, Uses
Published on April 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bone Marrow - Definition, Types, Structure and Functions
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Agglutination Test - definition, Types, Uses, Advantages, Disadvantages
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nosocomial Infection - Prevention, Source, Transmission
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transmission of Diseases
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - Definition, Structure, Function, Types
Published on April 6, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Signal Transduction Pathway - Definition, Types, Functions, Examples
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pathogen Virulence Factors Definition and Pathogenicity
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antibiotics definition, Characteristics, Classification, Administration
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antiviral Drug - Mode of Action
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Circulatory Circuit - Definition, Characteristics, Types, Importance
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Circulatory System - Definition, Structure, Organs, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Blood Pressure - Definition, Types, Measurement, Disorders
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Digastric Muscle - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Submandibular Gland - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Smooth Muscle - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Muscle - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lamina Propria - Definition, Structure, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Role of ADH, Angiotensin and Aldosterone In Osmoregulation
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Female Reproductive System - Organs, Structure, Functions
Published on March 25, 2024 by Editorial Team

37

Microbiologists Notes - 8

Contribution of Robert Koch and Koch’s Postulates
Published on August 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contribution of Louis Pasteur in Microbiology.
Published on August 10, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contributions of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Published on August 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
56 Pioneers in Microbiology and their Great Contribution
Published on June 12, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Contribution of Microbiologists: Joseph Lister, Alexander Fleming, Edward Jenner, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Martinus Beijerinck.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contribution of Microbiologist: Ignaz Semmelweis, Hans Christian Gram, Charles Lavaran, Fanny Hesse, Marjory Stephenson, Kiyoshi Shiga, Emil von Behring.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contribution of Microbiologist: Selman Waksman, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Charles Nicolle, Gerhard Domagk, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, Max Theiler.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Contribution of Paul Ehrlich and John Snow In Microbiology
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team

38

Microscope Notes - 28

Multiphoton Microscopy - Principle, Parts, Steps, Applications
Published on April 6, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Coarse Adjustment and Fine Adjustment Knob of Microscope
Published on February 1, 2025 by Editorial Team
Pocket Microscope - Principle, Parts, Uses, Types
Published on January 31, 2025 by Editorial Team
Polarizing Microscopes - Principle, Parts, Uses
Published on January 31, 2025 by Editorial Team
How are samples prepared for a transmission electron microscope?
Published on January 31, 2025 by Editorial Team
Light Microscope - Labeled Diagram, Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Applications
Published on January 30, 2025 by Editorial Team
Inverted Fluorescent Microscope - Principle, Protocol, Parts, Uses
Published on January 30, 2025 by Editorial Team
Inverted Microscope - Principle, Procedure, Parts, Uses
Published on January 30, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Microscope Slides Preparation Step By Step Guide
Published on January 29, 2025 by Editorial Team
History of the Microscope
Published on January 29, 2025 by Editorial Team
Digital Microscope - Principle, Parts, Uses, Advantages
Published on January 28, 2025 by Editorial Team
USB Microscope - Principle, Parts,Uses, Advantages
Published on January 28, 2025 by Editorial Team
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) - Principle, Parts, Procedure, Uses
Published on January 27, 2025 by Editorial Team
Dark Field Microscopy - Principle, Parts, Procedure, Uses
Published on January 27, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Fluorescence Microscopy - Principle, Parts, Uses
Published on January 26, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Oil Immersion Technique - Objectives, Procedure, Types
Published on January 25, 2025 by Editorial Team
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - Principle, Parts, Uses
Published on January 25, 2025 by Editorial Team
Scanning Electron Microscope - Principle, Parts, Uses
Published on January 24, 2025 by Editorial Team
Phase Contrast Microscopy- Principle, Parts, Uses
Published on January 24, 2025 by Editorial Team
Confocal Microscope - Principle, Parts, Uses
Published on January 23, 2025 by Editorial Team
Dissecting Microscope (Stereo Microscope) - Principle, Parts, Procedure
Published on January 23, 2025 by Editorial Team
Different types of microscopes With Principle, Uses, Diagrams
Published on January 22, 2025 by Editorial Team
Trinocular Microscope - Definition, Principle, Parts, Protocol, Uses
Published on January 19, 2025 by Editorial Team
Electron Microscope - Principle, Types, Parts, Application, Diagram
Published on January 16, 2025 by Editorial Team
Cryo Electron Microscopy - Principle, Procedure, Advantages, Limitations and Applications
Published on January 15, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy - Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
Published on January 6, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Working Distance - Definition, Measurement, Types, Importance
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
How to Use a Compound Microscope
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team

39

Molecular biology Notes - 86

Different model of Replication - Theta, rolling circle, and linear DNA replication
Published on October 14, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Real-Time PCR (qPCR) - Definition, Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages
Published on September 21, 2025 by Editorial Team
Electroporation - Principle, Steps, Applications
Published on March 7, 2025 by Sourav Pan
What is Semiconductor Sequencing? - Principle, procedure, uses
Published on January 19, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Theta Model of Replication - Steps, Applications, Examples
Published on January 13, 2025 by Editorial Team
Telomerase - Structure, Mechanism, Regulation, Functions
Published on December 19, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Telomeres - Structure, Aging, Shortening, Functions
Published on December 18, 2024 by Sourav Pan
What is DNA Replication? - Steps, Enzymes, Mechanism, Applications
Published on December 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - Mechanisms, Regulatory Elements
Published on October 25, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Enhancers and silencers - Definition, Location, Examples, Functions
Published on October 25, 2024 by Sourav Pan
DNA Ligase - Structure, Types, Mechanism, Functions
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
DNA Helicases - Structure, Types, Mechanism, Functions, Examples
Published on October 24, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Recombinant DNA Technology - Steps, Application, Tools, and Limitations
Published on September 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Molecular Basis of Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases - Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s, Sickle Cell Anaemia
Published on September 22, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Biosensors - Principle, Types, Characteristics, Applications
Published on September 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) - Principle, Steps, Applications
Published on September 18, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Eukaryotic DNA Replication - Definition, Steps, Singnification
Published on August 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Prokaryotic DNA Replication - Enzymes, Steps
Published on August 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Sanger Sequencing - Principle, Steps, Advantages, Uses
Published on July 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Whole Genome Sequencing - Principle, Types, Steps, Applications
Published on July 27, 2024 by Sourav Pan
DNA Library - Types, Construction, Applications
Published on July 4, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Emulsion PCR - Principle, Procedure, Advantages, Limitations, Uses
Published on June 20, 2024 by Sourav Pan
TaqMan Probe - Definition, Principle, Applications
Published on June 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Differences Between Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
Protein Synthesis (Translation)- Definition, Steps, Sites, Machinery
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hybridization Probes - definition, uses, Preparation, Types.
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
cDNA Cloning - Definition, Principle, Steps, Applications
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
Translocation in Prokaryotes - Components, Steps, Enzymes, Sites
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
Central Dogma Theory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Code
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microprojectile Bombardment - Definition, Components, Steps, Applications
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
What is Gene Expression? - Definition, Stages, Importance
Published on June 3, 2024 by Editorial Team
Post-transcriptional Modification - Definition, Types, Process, Importance
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease) - Definition, Types, Examples, Functions
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of RNA with Structure and Functions
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Protocol
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Sequencing - Definition, Principle, Steps, Types, Applications
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Microarray Principle, Types and Steps involved in cDNA microarrays
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis Regulation in Prokaryotic Cells
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Eukaryotic Transcription
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Vector - Definition, Examples, Characteristics, Types, Applications, Limitations
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Polymerase - Definition, Mechanism, Structure, Types
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)- Definition, Types, Applications, Limitations
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis Regulation in Eukaryotes Cells
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Ladders - Definition, Types, Uses
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleotide Biosynthesis Pathways - Salvage pathway and De novo synthesis
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Primer - Definition, Primer Design, Types, Online Tools, Uses
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
General Protocol for Western Blotting
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Translational regulation - Definition, Mechanism
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transposable elements - Definition, Types, Examples, Application
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Anticodon - Definition, Principle, Functions, Examples
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Topoisomerase - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Mechanism
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Translation In Eukaryotes - Protein synthesis in Eukaryotic
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Methylation - Definition, Mechanisms, Functions
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Fingerprinting - Definition, Steps, Methods, Applications
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gene Expression Profiling - Definition, Uses, Limitations
Published on June 2, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cloning Vectors - Definition, Types, Features, Applications
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Next Generation Sequencing - Principle, Steps Involved, and Applications
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) - Definition, Structure, Construction, Uses
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
PAM Sequence (Protospacer adjacent motif) - Definition, Functions, Properties
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rolling Circle Replication - Mechanism, Application
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing - Definition, Mechanism, Application
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cas9 Protein - Structure, Types, Function
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA Repair Mechanisms and Types
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Semiconservative Replication of DNA - Mechanism
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Okazaki Fragments - Definition, Discovery, Formation, Enzymes, Importance
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
cDNA library - Definition, Principle, Construction, Uses
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
What are Telomeres and Telomerases?
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
SOS Repair - SOS Response in Bacteria
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
cDNA Synthesis - Principle, Protocol
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transcription In Prokaryotes - Definition, Stages, Significance
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transcription (RNA Synthesis) - Definition, Diagram, Steps, Inhibitors, Importance
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
RNA Polymerase - Structure, Definition, Types, and Functions
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gene Cloning - Steps, Definition, Applications
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Blotting Technique - Definition, Types, Application
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA polymerase IV - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Deletion Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
Published on June 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleoside - Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
Published on May 31, 2024 by Editorial Team
miRNA (microRNA) Structure, Functions, Application
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Frederick Griffith Experiment - Bacterial transformation
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides - Structure, Occurrence and Properties
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
DNA - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Experiments on DNA - Watson and Crick, Griffith, Chargaff, Hershey and Chase, Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hershey–Chase experiment On DNA
Published on May 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nucleotides and Nucleosides - Definition, Structure, Function, Types
Published on May 29, 2024 by Editorial Team

40

Mycology Notes - 49

Aspergillus clavatus - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis
Published on October 12, 2025 by Editorial Team
Aspergillus niger - Structure, Habitat, Characteristics
Published on October 11, 2025 by Editorial Team
Aspergillus fumigatus - Characteristics, Structure, Pathogenesis
Published on October 10, 2025 by Editorial Team
Aspergillus flavus - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Habitat
Published on October 9, 2025 by Editorial Team
Classification of Fungi - Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota, Amastigomycota.
Published on December 5, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fungi - Definition, Characteristics, Morphology, Importance, Examples
Published on December 5, 2024 by Editorial Team
Candidiasis - Definition, Causative Agent, Types, Transmission
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fusarium spp - Definition, Structure, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Coccidioidomycosis - Definition, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Blastomyces dermatitidis - Morphology, Transmission, Treatment
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Basidiomycetes - Life cycle, Characteristics, Significance, Mycelium and Examples
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Deuteromycetes - Reproduction, Characteristics, Classification and Examples
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Yeast - Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Uses
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Candida albicans - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hyphae - Definition, Types, Structure, Production, Functions, Examples
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis) - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmission, Treatment
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mycology - Defintion, History, Career, Importance
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rhizopus spp - Structure, Life cycle, Habitat, Pathogenesis
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rhizopus stolonifer - Life Cycle, Habitat, Nutrition, Disease, Importance.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rhizopus nigricans - Life Cycle, Repoduction, Morphology, Pathogenesis
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rhizopus sporangia - Overview
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rhizopus oligosporus - Overview
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rhizopus microsporus - overview
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Toxigenic Fungi And Fungal Mycotoxins In Food
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Candida parapsilosis - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmission, Treatment
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Candida glabrata - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment, Prevention
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Candida tropicalis - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmisssion, Treatment
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Aspergillosis - Causative Agent, Symptoms, Types, Treatment
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) - Causative Agent, Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pneumocystosis - Causative Agent, Treatment, Prevention
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Algae Bioreactor - Definition, Types, Feature, Uses
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Cryptococcus neoformans - Structure, Infection, Habitat
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Penicillium chrysogenum - Morphology, Habitat, Characteristics
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Alternaria alternata - Habitat, Life Cycle, Morphology, Pathogenesis
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Trichophyton spp - Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenesis
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Sporothrix schenckii - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmission
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fungi: Types of Fungi and Their Reproduction.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Economic Importance of Fungi In Medicine, Industry, Agriculture, and Food.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Reproduction of Fungi - Sexual, Asexual and Vegetative Reproduction
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Schizosaccharomyces: Morphology, Reproduction, life cycle
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Saccharomyces Life cycle, Morphology, Economic Importance.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Parasexual cycle in Fungi
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Saprophytes - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Nutritions, Examples
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Candidiasis - Types, Causative Agent, Treatment, Prevention, Symptoms
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Microsporum spp. culture, infections, treatment, prevention.
Published on April 13, 2024 by Editorial Team
Chytridiomycota Overview
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Zygomycota Overview
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Phylum Ascomycota Overview
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Epidermophyton floccosum
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team

41

Parasitology Notes - 34

Nematodes - Morphology, Classification, Examples
Published on October 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Parasitic Vertebrates - Cookiecutter shark, Candiru, Hood Mockingbird and Vampire bat
Published on October 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cimex lectularius (Bed Bug) - Morphology, Life Cycle, Types, Control
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Xenopsylla cheopis - Morphology, Life cycle, Control
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pediculus Humanus (Lice) - Morphology, Types, Life cycle, Management
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ticks - Morphology, Types, Life Cycle and Examples
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mites - Morphology, Types, Life cycle, Importance, Examples
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pratylencus (lesion nematode) - Morphology, Life cycle, Control, Importance
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Meloidogyne (Root knot nematode) -Structure, Life cycle, Diagnosis, Management, and Importance
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Trichinella spiralis - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Wuchereria bancrofti - Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ancylostoma duodenale - Structure, Life Cycle, Habitat, Characteristics
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ascaris lumbricoides - Morphology, Life Cycle, Diagnosis, Treatments, Prophylaxis
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hymenolepis nana - Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Taenia solium - Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle, Characteristics
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Schistosoma haematobium - Life cycle, pathogenicity and prophylaxis
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fasciolopsis Buski - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Malaria - Parasite, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prophylaxis
Published on September 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax in Man and in Mosquito
Published on September 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Plasmodium vivax - Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Leishmania donovani - Life cycle, Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Trypanosoma gambiense - Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis, Structure, Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Giardia intestinalis - Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Entamoeba Histolytica - Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Host-Parasite Interactions - Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Introduction to Parasitology - History, Branches, Significance
Published on September 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Cysticercosis - Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fasciola hepatica - Definition, Structure, Reproducation, Life Cycle
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Life Cycle of Fasciola Hepatica
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Strongyloides stercoralis (Parasitic Roundworm)
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Loa loa Life cycle, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Transmission, Treatment
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fascioliasis: Causative agent, Life cycle, Symptoms, Treatment.
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Schistosomiasis - Life cycle, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pathogen Virulence Factors Definition and Pathogenicity
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team

42

Parasitic Arthropoda Notes - 5

Cimex lectularius (Bed Bug) - Morphology, Life Cycle, Types, Control
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Xenopsylla cheopis - Morphology, Life cycle, Control
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pediculus Humanus (Lice) - Morphology, Types, Life cycle, Management
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Ticks - Morphology, Types, Life Cycle and Examples
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Mites - Morphology, Types, Life cycle, Importance, Examples
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

43

Parasitic Nematodes Notes - 7

Nematodes - Morphology, Classification, Examples
Published on October 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Pratylencus (lesion nematode) - Morphology, Life cycle, Control, Importance
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Meloidogyne (Root knot nematode) -Structure, Life cycle, Diagnosis, Management, and Importance
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Trichinella spiralis - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Wuchereria bancrofti - Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ancylostoma duodenale - Structure, Life Cycle, Habitat, Characteristics
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ascaris lumbricoides - Morphology, Life Cycle, Diagnosis, Treatments, Prophylaxis
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team

44

Parasitic Platyhelminthes Notes - 4

Hymenolepis nana - Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Taenia solium - Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle, Characteristics
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Schistosoma haematobium - Life cycle, pathogenicity and prophylaxis
Published on September 30, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fasciolopsis Buski - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan

45

Parasitic Protists Notes - 7

Malaria - Parasite, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prophylaxis
Published on September 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax in Man and in Mosquito
Published on September 29, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Plasmodium vivax - Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Leishmania donovani - Life cycle, Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Trypanosoma gambiense - Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis, Structure, Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Giardia intestinalis - Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team
Entamoeba Histolytica - Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment
Published on September 29, 2024 by Editorial Team

46

Phycology Notes - 25

What are Toxigenic Algae And Algal Food Poisoning?
Published on October 1, 2025 by Editorial Team
Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae)- Habitat, Characteristics, Morphology, Importance
Published on September 29, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Rhodophyta (Red Algae) - Characteristics, Morphology, Importance
Published on September 28, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Algal Cultivation - Methods, Factors, Feature, Types, Uses
Published on September 26, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Economic Importance of Algae - Food Industry, Chemical Industry, Agriculture, Medicine
Published on September 26, 2025 by Editorial Team
Algal Reproduction - Sexual, Asexual and Vegetative Methods
Published on September 25, 2025 by Editorial Team
Algal Morphology - Size, Shape, Cellular Components and Structure
Published on September 25, 2025 by Editorial Team
Euglena - Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Reproduction, Importance
Published on September 24, 2025 by Editorial Team
What is Algae? Characteristics, Structure, Classes, Reproduction, Importance
Published on September 24, 2025 by Editorial Team
What is Phycology?
Published on June 16, 2025 by Editorial Team
Chlamydomonas - Life Cycle, Habitat, Structure, Examples
Published on April 26, 2025 by Sourav Pan
Applied Phycology - Role of algae in the environment, agriculture, biotechnology and industry
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) - Characteristics, Occurrence, Thallus Organization, Cell Structure and Reproduction
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Xanthophyta - General characteristics, thallus organization, Occurrence, morphology and life-cycle of Vaucheria.
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Charophyta - General Characteristics, Occurrence, Morphology, Cell Structure And Life-cycle of Chara
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Chlorophyta - Characteristics, Occurrence, Thallus organization, Structure and Reproduction
Published on October 7, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Thallus Organisation in Algae - Types, Structure, Examples
Published on August 11, 2024 by Editorial Team
Diatoms - Definition, Structure, Life Cycle, Importance
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
11 Types of Algae With their example.
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Euglena Eyespot - Definition, Function, Types, Structure, Proteins
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Spirogyra - Definition, Structure, Life Cycle, Diagram, Reproduction
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Volvox - Definition, Characterisitcs, Structure, Reproduction
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Anabaena - Definition, Structure, Reproduction, Importance
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Life cycle of Algae - Haplontic, Diplontic, Diplohaplontic, and Triphasic.
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team
Characters of Algae | General Characters of Algae
Published on April 9, 2024 by Editorial Team

47

Prions Notes - 2

Prions - Definition, Structure, Replication, Function, Disease
Published on September 6, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)- Mad Cow Disease
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team

48

Protozoa Notes - 16

Euglena - Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Reproduction, Importance
Published on September 24, 2025 by Editorial Team
Classification of Protozoa
Published on October 1, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Protozoa - Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Structure, Locomotion, Examples
Published on October 1, 2024 by Editorial Team
Foodborne Giardiasis - Definition, Pathogenesis, Contamination
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Amoebiasis, Entamoeba Histolytica, Life cycle, Diagnosis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Giardiasis - Definition, treatment, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention.
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Sporozoa - Definition, Examples, Classification and Characteristics
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Zooplankton - Definition, Characteristics, Types, Importance
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Reproduction in Protozoa - Sexual reproduction, Asexual reproduction
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Fascioliasis: Causative agent, Life cycle, Symptoms, Treatment.
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Schistosomiasis - Life cycle, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Gastrointestinal Amebiasis by Entamoeba histolytica
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Amoeba Cell - Labeled Structure, Characteristics, Movement, Nutrition, Reproduction, Disease, Habitat.
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Paramecium Cell Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Movement, Diagram.
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Plasmodium - Definition, Life Cycle, Characteristics, Morphology, Diagram
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Economic Importance of Protozoa and Mode of Infection
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team

49

Virology Notes - 67

Virus - Structure, Origin, Replication, Classification, and Example
Published on December 5, 2024 by Editorial Team
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) - Structure, Life cycle, Infection, Treatment
Published on November 13, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - Overview
Published on October 30, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Animal Cell Culture - Types, Application, Advantages and disadvantages.
Published on September 22, 2024 by Editorial Team
Retrovirus - Definition, Types, Structure, Replication
Published on August 5, 2024 by Sourav Pan
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Influenza A Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Treatment, Prevention
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Polio Virus - Structure, Genome, Replicationm, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Varicella Zoster Virus - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Coronavirus - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Foodborne Viruses - Definition, Examples, Detection, Prevention
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Mumps Virus - Definition, Replication, Structure, Genome, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) or Human Herpesvirus 4 - Structure, Genome, Replication
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Zika Virus (ZIKV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, Transmission
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Nipah Virus (NiV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, Transmission
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
West Nile Virus (WNV) - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis, Treatment
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hepatitis E Virus - Structure, Genome, Transmission, Replication, Diagnosis, Treatment
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Ebola Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Cytomegalovirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rotavirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Torovirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Virus Cultivation - Definition, Methods, Importance
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Classification of Virus
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Coltivirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hanta Virus - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Measles Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lytic Cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lysogenic Cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Are Viruses Living or Non-Living?
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Papovaviruses - Overview
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Parvovirus - Definition, Classification, Morphology, Diagnosis
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Structure and Genome of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with diagram
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
The progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the respiratory system
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Transmission, pathogenesis, replication
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Human Astrovirus - An Overview
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus - An Overview
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Lassa Virus - An Overview
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Dengue and Dengue Virus - Overview
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hepatitis C virus - Structure, Replications, Pathogenesis, Genome Structure
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hepatitis A Virus - Structure, Replication, Pathogenesis, Genome, Transmission
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hepatitis B Virus - Structure, Replication, Pathogenesis, Genome, Transmission
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Hepatitis D Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis,
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Rabies Virus - Structure, Genome Organization, Pathogenesis, Replication
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Monkeypox Virus - Pictures, Structure, Classification, Prevention, Treatment, Spread
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Diagnostic Techniques of Viruses - Molecular and Immunological Techniques
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Norwalk Virus (Norovirus) Symptoms, Transmission, Prevention, Treatment
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Bacteriophages - Definition, Morphology, Life cycle, Significance
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Poxviruses - Definition, Classification, Morphology, Life cycle
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
One Step Growth Curve of Virus
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Viral Replication Cycle - Definition, Steps, Mechanisms
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Viral Pathogenesis Definition, Mechanisms, Factors
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Viral Entry Into The Host Body
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Viral Spread and Organ Invasion of Virus
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
What is Viral Immunology?
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
How Are Vaccines Made?
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Types of Vaccines With Examples
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Antiviral Chemotherapy
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Viral Life Cycle - Steps of Viral Infection
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Baltimore Classification System of Viruses
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Viroids Definition, Infection, Structure, Examples, Diagnostic, Origin, Disease.
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections
Published on April 14, 2024 by Editorial Team
Transmission of Diseases
Published on April 8, 2024 by Editorial Team
Pathogen Virulence Factors Definition and Pathogenicity
Published on April 6, 2024 by Editorial Team

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