Botany

Table of Content

Syllabus9 lessons

1
Heredity

Learn about Heredity

Laws of Inheritance
Modified Mendelian Ratios: 2:1 (lethal Genes); 1:2:1 (Co-dominance, incomplete dominance); 9:7; 9:4:3; 13:3; 12:3:1
Chi-Square Test
Pedigree Analysis
Cytoplasmic Inheritance: Shell Coiling in Snail, Kappa particles in Paramecium, Leaf Variegation in Mirabilis jalapa, Male Sterility
Multiple Allelism
Pleiotropism
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

2
Sex-Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance

Learn about Sex-Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance

Sex Determination
Sex-linked Inheritance

3
Linkage and Crossing Over

Learn about Linkage and Crossing Over

Linkage: Concept & History, Complete & Incomplete Linkage, Bridges Experiment, Coupling & Repulsion, Recombination Frequency
Crossing Over: Concept and Significance, Cytological Proof of Crossing Over
Linkage Maps (Two and Three Factor Crosses)
Difference Between Linkage and Crossing Over

4
Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations

Learn about Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations

Mutation – Types, Causes, Mechanisms, Agents, Importance
Types of Mutations
Numerical Chromosomal Changes: Euploidy, Polyploidy, Aneuploidy
Structural Chromosomal Changes: Deletions, Duplications, Inversions, Translocations

5
Plant Breeding

Learn about Plant Breeding

Plant Introduction
Modes of Reproduction and Pollination in Crop Plants
Plant Breeding
Undesirable consequences of plant breeding

6
Methods of Crop Improvement

Learn about Methods of Crop Improvement

Vavilov’s Centres of Origin of cultivated crop plants
Selection Methods For Self pollinated Plants – Breeding self-pollinated species
Breeding Methods for Cross-pollinated species
Mass Selection Method
Pureline Selection
Pedigree Method
Bulk Method
Backcross Method
Hybridization For Self, Cross and Vegetative Propagation in plants – Procedure, advantages, and limitations.

7
Quantitative Inheritance

Learn about Quantitative Inheritance

Polygenic Inheritance (Quantitative inheritance)

8
Inbreeding Depression and Heterosis

Learn about Inbreeding Depression and Heterosis

Inbreeding Depression and Heterosis

9
Crop Improvement and Breeding

Learn about Crop Improvement and Breeding

Polyploidy in Plant Breeding
Distant Hybridization
Mutation Breeding
Syllabus8 lessons

1
Origin of Cultivated Plants

Learn about Origin of Cultivated Plants

Vavilov’s Centres of Origin of cultivated crop plants

2
Cereals

Learn about Cereals

Wheat – Morphology, Types, Grades, Harvesting, Products

3
Legumes

Learn about Legumes

General descriptions of Legumes Plants

4
Spices

Learn about Spices

General descriptions of Spices

5
Oils and Fats

Learn about Oils and Fats

General description of Vegetable Oils and Fats

6
Beverages

Learn about Beverages

General descriptions of Beverage Plants and Beverages
Tea – Morphology, Types, Processing, Uses

7
Fibre Yielding Plants

Learn about Fibre Yielding Plants

General description of Fibre Yielding Plants

8
Plant tissue culture

Learn about Plant tissue culture

Plant Tissue Culture Definition, techniques, Media composition, types, application.
Syllabus7 lessons

1
Microbes

Learn about Microbes

Viruses
Bacteria

2
Algae

Learn about Algae

General characteristics
Thallus organization
Classification of algae.
Economic importance of algae.
Reproduction of Algae
Chytridiomycota Overview
Cellular Structure of Algae with diagram
Euglena Eyespot
Diatoms
What is Toxigenic Algae And Algal Food Poisoning?
Zygomycota Overview
Phylum Ascomycota Overview
Epidermophyton floccosum
What is Phycology?
Spirogyra
Volvox
Euglena
Anabaena Definition, Structure, Reproduction, Importance
Life cycle of Algae

3
Fungi

Learn about Fungi

Fungi Overview
Parasexual cycle in Fungi
Classification of Fungi Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota, Amastigomycota.
Reproduction of Fungi
Economic Importance of Fungi
Candidiasis
Microsporum spp
Saccharomyces Life cycle, Morphology, Economic Importance.
Schizosaccharomyces Morphology, Reproduction, life cycle
Saprophytes
Fungi: Types of Fungi and Their Reproduction.

4
Archegoniate

Learn about Archegoniate

Archegoniate

5
Bryophytes

Learn about Bryophytes

Bryophytes

6
Pteridophytes

Learn about Pteridophytes

Pteridophyta

7
Gymnosperms

Learn about Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms
Syllabus9 lessons

1
Plant-Water Relations

Learn about Plant-Water Relations

Importance of Water
Water Potential and Its Components
Transpiration and Its Significance
Factors Affecting Transpiration
Root Pressure and Guttation

2
Mineral Nutrition

Learn about Mineral Nutrition

Essential Elements: Macro and Micronutrients
Criteria of Essentiality of Elements
Role of Essential Elements
Transport of Ions Across Cell Membrane

3
Translocation in Phloem

Learn about Translocation in Phloem

Composition of Phloem Sap
Girdling Experiment
Pressure Flow Model
Phloem Loading
Phloem Unloading

4
Photosynthesis

Learn about Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic Pigments: Chl a, Chl b, Xanthophylls, Carotene
Photosystem I and II
Electron Transport and Mechanism of ATP Synthesis
C3, C4, and CAM Pathways of Carbon Fixation
Photorespiration

5
Respiration

Learn about Respiration

Glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration
TCA Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glyoxylate Cycle
Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway

6
Enzymes

Learn about Enzymes

Structure and Properties
Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis
Enzyme Inhibition

7
Nitrogen Metabolism

Learn about Nitrogen Metabolism

Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrate and Ammonia Assimilation

8
Plant Growth Regulators

Learn about Plant Growth Regulators, Discovery and Physiological Roles of

Auxins
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
ABA (Abscisic Acid)
Ethylene

9
Plant Response to Light and Temperature

Learn about Plant Response to Light and Temperature

Photoperiodism
Phytochrome
Vernalization
Photoperiodism
Syllabus8 lessons

1
Meristematic and permanent tissues

Learn about Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and complex tissues.

Meristematic Tissue
Permanent Tissue

2
Organs

Learn about Structure of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf.

Monocot Leaves
Dicot Leaves

3
Secondary Growth

Learn about Vascular cambium

Vascular cambium – structure and function
Secondary growth in root
Secondary growth in Stem
Secondary growth in Wood

4
Adaptive and protective systems

Learn about Adaptive and protective systems

Epidermal Tissue System
Epidermis
Stomata
Adaptations of Xerophytes
Adaptations in Hydrophytes

5
Structural organization of flower

Learn about Structural organization of flower

Anther
Bilobed Anther
Pollen
Ovule
Embryo Sac

6
Pollination and fertilization

Learn about Pollination and fertilization

Pollination mechanisms and adaptations
Double fertilization
Seed-structure
Seed dispersal

7
Embryo and endosperm

Learn about Embryo and endosperm

Endosperm types, structure and functions
Dicot and monocot embryo
Embryoendosperm relationship

8
Apomixis and polyembryony

Learn about Apomixis and polyembryony

Polyembryony Types, Functions, Examples
Apomixis Types, Functions, Examples
Differences Between Polyembryony and Apomixis
Syllabus10 lessons

1
Ecological Factors

Learn about different Ecological Factors

Soil Profile
Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)
Soil Biology
Shelford Law of Tolerance
Adaptation of Hydrophytes
Adaptation of Xerophytes

2
Plant Communities

Learn about different Plant Communities

Characteristics of Plant Communities
Ecotones
Edge Effects
Ecological Succession: Processes and Types

3
Ecosystem

Learn about Ecosystem

Structure and Function of Ecosystems
Factors Of Ecosystem
Models of Energy Flow in a Ecosystem
Energy Flow in Ecosystem
Food Web
Ecological Pyramids
Biogeochemical Cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorous cycle

4
Phytogeography

Learn about Phytogeography

Introduction to Phytogeography
Principle Of Phytogeography
Endemism

5
Introduction to Plant Taxonomy

Learn about Plant Taxonomy

Identification in Plant Taxonomy
Classification in Taxonomy
Nomenclature in Taxonomy
Identification in Plant Taxonomy
Functions of Herbarium and Herbaria
Important Botanical Gardens in the World and India

6
Taxonomic Evidences

Learn about Taxonomic Evidences

Palynology in Taxonomy
Cytological Evidence in Taxonomy
Phytochemistry in Taxonomy
Molecular Data in Taxonomy

7
Taxonomic Hierarchy

Learn about Taxonomic Hierarchy

Introduction of Taxonomic Hierarchy
Concept of Taxa
Rank
Categories and Hierarchy
Taxonomic groups
Species Concept

8
Botanical Nomenclature

Learn about Botanical Nomenclature

Principles of Nomenclature (ICN)
Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (ICN)
Ranks in Botanical Nomenclature
Names in Botanical Nomenclature
Binomial System and Typification
Author Citation and Valid Publication
Rejection of Names and Principle of Priority

9
Classification

Lean about different types of Classification

Types of Classification: Artificial, Natural, and Phylogenetic
Bentham and Hooker Classification (up to Series)
Engler and Prantl Classification (up to Series)

10
Biometrics, Numerical Taxonomy, and Cladistics

Learn about Biometrics, Numerical Taxonomy, and Cladistics

Biometrics in Taxonomy
Numerical Taxonomy
Cladistics
Cladogram
Phenograms
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