Fluorescence Spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to study the fluorescence emitted by a sample after excitation by light. It is also known as fluorimetry or spectrofluorometry. In this method, UV or visible light of definite wavelength is allowed to fall on the sample. The electrons of molecules absorb this energy and go to excited
Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a molecular biology technique used for separation of very large DNA molecules in an agarose gel. It is used as a DNA fingerprinting method for large chromosomal DNA fragments. Normal agarose gel electrophoresis can separate only smaller DNA fragments, but PFGE can separate DNA fragments up to about 10 megabase
Laboratory Water Bath is a temperature controlled laboratory instrument that is used to heat and incubate samples at constant temperature for long time. It consists of a container or reservoir filled with heated water. The water acts as a heat medium and gives uniform heating to the sample. It is mainly used when direct flame
Laboratory Incubator is a laboratory instrument which is used to grow and maintain microbial culture and cell culture. It is an insulated chamber. It maintain fixed temperature and other suitable condition for growth. Humidity and gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂) and oxygen (O₂) are also controlled in it. It gives contamination free environment to the
Autoclave is a sterilizing instrument that is used to sterilize culture media, glasswares, surgical instruments and other materials by steam under pressure. It is a strong metallic chamber with a tight lid. The materials are kept inside the chamber. Then steam is passed into the chamber after removing air. Autoclave works at 121°C temperature and
Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is a molecular technique used to detect and amplify RNA. It is used because normal PCR cannot directly amplify RNA. In this technique, RNA is first converted into complementary DNA (cDNA). This conversion is done by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The formed cDNA is more stable than RNA and it works
Repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) is a molecular technique used to produce genetic fingerprint of bacteria and fungi. It is used for identification and classification of microorganisms at species, subspecies or strain level. It is based on the presence of repetitive DNA sequences in microbial genome. These sequences are non-coding and occur in many copies. In
Nanoparticle-Assisted PCR (nanoPCR) is an advanced modification of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in which small nanoparticles are added into the PCR reaction mixture. These nanoparticles are usually 1-100 nm in size and they help in better amplification of DNA. It is used to increase the efficiency, sensitivity, specificity and speed of the PCR reaction. Gold
Types of PCR Here is the list of Types of PCR based on different categories; 1. Conventional PCR Conventional PCR is the basic type of PCR in which target DNA is amplified by repeated temperature cycles. It is also called end-point PCR or traditional PCR. In this method, detection of amplified DNA is done only
PCR Machine is an automated laboratory instrument that is used to amplify small segment of DNA or RNA into millions or billions of copies. It is also known as thermal cycler or DNA amplifier. It contains a thermal block where reaction tubes containing sample, primers, nucleotides and polymerase enzyme are placed. The machine changes the
