In the early 20th century there was no treatment to treat infections caused by bacteria. This included tuberculosis and pneumonia, as well as the rheumatic and gonorrhea diseases, and infections of the urinary tract. However, in 1929 the the bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovered the first real antibiotic, penicillin, heralding a new era of medical science. … Read more
What is Immunoelectrophoresis? Types of Immunoelectrophoresis There are 4 types of Immunoelectrophoresis; 1. Classical immunoelectrophoresis Advantages In summary, classical immunoelectrophoresis offers the advantages of separating complex mixtures, identifying individual components, specificity in immunoprecipitation reactions, simplicity in procedure, and providing visual and informative results. 2. Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, also known as crossover immunoelectrophoresis, utilizes … Read more
Modern medicine continues to provide numerous marvels that extend the lives of humans and vastly improve their quality of life. The replacement of faulty organs by transplantation has been one of medicine’s unachievable goals for millennia. The dream of health experts has been to replace or restore severely damaged tissues or organs. Successful transplantation needs … Read more
Features of Malignant Cells Malignant cells exhibit the following characteristics: It has been hypothesised that the immune system is partially responsible for protecting the body from the development of cancers. In addition, the presence of multiple tumours in immunocompetent individuals suggests that the immune system has a limited function in defending against cancer and is … Read more
What is Stem cell? Stem Cells Definition Stem cells are unique cells in the body that have the potential to develop into different types of specialized cells or divide to produce more stem cells. Properties of Stem Cells Stem cells possess several intrinsic properties that make them unique and give them remarkable capabilities: These properties … Read more
What is T cell (T Lymphocyte)? Definition of T cell (T Lymphocyte) T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign pathogens, infected cells, and cancer cells. T cells have specialized receptors on … Read more
What are B cells or B lymphocytes? Definition of B cell (B lymphocyte) A B cell, or B lymphocyte, is a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and plays a crucial role in the immune response against infections. Morphology of B cell (B lymphocyte) Structure of B cell (B lymphocyte) Stage-specific Markers Antigen-binding … Read more
What are Neutrophils? Neutrophils Definition Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s defense against infections. They are highly mobile and act as phagocytes, engulfing and destroying bacteria and other harmful substances. Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. They are part … Read more
What are Eosinophils? Definition of Eosinophils Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that are involved in combating parasites, regulating allergic reactions, and supporting immune responses. They have distinctive granules in their cytoplasm and play a crucial role in maintaining immune system balance. Characteristics of Eosinophil Eosinophils possess several distinctive characteristics: These characteristics collectively … Read more
What is Dendritic cell? Location of Dendritic cell DCs in lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Blood Skin Gut Structure of Dendritic cells Dendritic cell maturation Mechanism of Dendritic Cells in Immunity – How Dendritic cells work against pathogens? (Immunity) Dendritic Cell Function in Innate Immune System Dendritic Cells Function in Innate Immunity to Adaptive … Read more
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