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Biology Notes Topics
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- Agricultural Microbiology
- Bacteriology
- Basic Microbiology
- Biochemistry
- Bioinformatics
- Biotechnology
- Cell Biology
- Disease
- Ecology
- Environmental Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Food Microbiology
- Genetics
- Immunology
- Industrial microbiology
- Intellectual Property Rights
- Medical Microbiology
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Microbial Growth and Control
This course explores the fundamental principles of microbial growth and nutrition, as well as methods for controlling microbial populations. Students will learn about the nutritional requirements of bacteria, various types of culture media, and physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth. This course is ideal for students in microbiology, biology, and related fields who … Read more
Number of Topics: 2Introduction to Microscopy
Explore the world of microscopy with our comprehensive course, “Introduction to Microscopy.” Over six hours, you’ll gain hands-on experience with various microscopy techniques including Bright Field, Dark Field, Phase Contrast, Fluorescence, Transmission Electron, and Scanning Electron Microscopes. This course is designed to provide a solid foundation in microscopy principles, operation, and applications, making it ideal … Read more
Number of Topics: 2Bacteriological Techniques
This 5-hour course covers the fundamental techniques used in bacteriology to isolate, cultivate, and maintain pure cultures of bacteria. Students will learn streaking, serial dilution, and plating methods, as well as specialized techniques for cultivating anaerobic and non-culturable bacteria. The course emphasizes hands-on practice and demonstration of these essential skills, providing a solid foundation for … Read more
Number of Topics: 3Cell Organization
This 14-hour course delves into the intricate world of microbial cell organization, exploring the structural and functional components that enable microorganisms to thrive. Students will learn about the diverse range of cell shapes, sizes, and arrangements, as well as the composition and function of cell walls, membranes, and cytoplasmic components. Additionally, the course covers the … Read more
Number of Topics: 7Genetics and Plant Breeding – Discipline Centric Elective Botany
This course offers an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles of genetics and their application in plant breeding. It is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of heredity, genetic variation, and the techniques used to improve crop plants. Through lectures and practical sessions, students will gain insights into Mendelian genetics, chromosomal behavior, mutation … Read more
Number of Topics: 9Economic Botany – Discipline Specific Elective Botany
This course in Economic Botany focuses on the economic importance of various plants and their role in human life. Through this course, students will gain an understanding of the origins, uses, and characteristics of several economically significant plant groups. The theoretical component is designed to provide in-depth knowledge about the diverse plant species and their … Read more
Number of Topics: 8Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the biodiversity within the domains of microbes, algae, fungi, and archegoniate plants. It explores the fundamental characteristics, classification, and ecological significance of these organisms. Emphasis is placed on their structure, reproduction, and economic importance, equipping students with a foundational understanding of these vital components of the biosphere.
Number of Topics: 7Plant Physiology and Metabolism
This course offers a comprehensive exploration into the physiological processes and metabolic pathways fundamental to plant life. Designed for advanced undergraduate or graduate students in plant sciences, this course integrates theoretical knowledge with practical applications to deepen understanding of plant functions and interactions with their environment. Key Areas of Study: Plant-Water Relations: Explore the critical … Read more
Number of Topics: 9Diversity of Microbial world
Diversity of Microbial world Explore the vast and fascinating realm of microorganisms in this comprehensive 40-hour course. Delve into the systems of classification that help us understand the relationships between different microbial groups. Discover the unique characteristics, structures, and life cycles of acellular microorganisms like viruses, viroids, and prions, as well as cellular microorganisms including … Read more
Number of Topics: 11History of Development of Microbiology
Exploring the Foundations of Microbiology This 15-hour course delves into the fascinating history of microbiology, from its early beginnings to the groundbreaking discoveries that shaped the field. Students will learn about the pioneering scientists who challenged conventional wisdom, developed innovative techniques, and uncovered the crucial roles of microorganisms in fermentation, disease, and the environment. By … Read more
Number of Topics: 8Microbial Growth and Control
This course explores the fundamental principles of microbial growth and nutrition, as well as methods for controlling microbial populations. Students will learn about the nutritional requirements of bacteria, various types of culture media, and physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth. This course is ideal for students in microbiology, biology, and related fields who … Read more
Number of Topics: 2Introduction to Microscopy
Explore the world of microscopy with our comprehensive course, “Introduction to Microscopy.” Over six hours, you’ll gain hands-on experience with various microscopy techniques including Bright Field, Dark Field, Phase Contrast, Fluorescence, Transmission Electron, and Scanning Electron Microscopes. This course is designed to provide a solid foundation in microscopy principles, operation, and applications, making it ideal … Read more
Number of Topics: 2Bacteriological Techniques
This 5-hour course covers the fundamental techniques used in bacteriology to isolate, cultivate, and maintain pure cultures of bacteria. Students will learn streaking, serial dilution, and plating methods, as well as specialized techniques for cultivating anaerobic and non-culturable bacteria. The course emphasizes hands-on practice and demonstration of these essential skills, providing a solid foundation for … Read more
Number of Topics: 3Cell Organization
This 14-hour course delves into the intricate world of microbial cell organization, exploring the structural and functional components that enable microorganisms to thrive. Students will learn about the diverse range of cell shapes, sizes, and arrangements, as well as the composition and function of cell walls, membranes, and cytoplasmic components. Additionally, the course covers the … Read more
Number of Topics: 7Latest Notes
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
Genetically modified (GM) crops, such as soybeans, maize, and rice,
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Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Process of Genetic Modification Using Bacterial
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Outline examples of genetic modification: (a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins (b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides (c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests (d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Examples of Genetic Modification</h2> Genetic modification involves
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Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
Genetic modification (GM) refers to the deliberate alteration of an
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Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter, including: temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Conditions to Control in a Fermenter</h2> Fermenters
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Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi, including insulin, penicillin and mycoprotein
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">The Use of Fermenters for Large-Scale
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Explain the use of lactase to produce lactosefree milk
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">The Use of Lactase to Produce
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