Biochemistry notes covering biomolecules, enzymes, metabolism, bioenergetics, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and major biochemical pathways in living organisms.
Post-glycolysis processes Glycolysis is a process that involves: Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP Glycolysis could not continue indefinitely if all NAD+ was used up and glycolysis would cease. Organisms must be capable of oxidizing NADH back into NAD+ … Read more
What is Isomerism? Definition of Isomerism Isomerism is the phenomenon in chemistry where molecules or ions have the same molecular formula but differ in their spatial arrangement or bond connectivity. Different Types of Isomerism Isomerism, a fundamental concept in chemistry, can be classified into two primary types: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Let’s delve into these … Read more
Glycolysis is the primary stage in the process of breaking down glucose in order to obtain energy to power the cell’s metabolism. The majority of living organisms perform glycolysis as a part in their metabolic process. This process does not require oxygen, which is why it is considered anaerobic. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasms of … Read more
Feeder pathway is the metabolic process in which different non-glucose carbohydrates are changed into intermediates that can enter glycolysis. It is the process that allows fructose, galactose, mannose and stored polysaccharides like glycogen to be converted into common glycolytic compounds. These intermediates then move into the normal glycolytic steps for further breakdown. In this pathway … Read more
The fate of pyruvate is the different metabolic pathway in which pyruvate can enter after it is formed at the end of glycolysis. It is the process that depend on the presence or absence of oxygen in the cell environment. In aerobic condition, pyruvate is moved into the mitochondria where it is converted into Acetyl-CoA, … Read more
Pectin is a complicated polysaccharide that is mostly found in the cell walls of plants, notably fruits. It is a structural heteropolysaccharide made up mostly of units of galacturonic acid. Pectin is a glue that holds plant cells together, making the plant tissue strong and stable. In the culinary sector, it is often used as … Read more
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a handy formula used in chemistry and biology to estimate the pH of a solution, especially when dealing with buffers—mixtures that resist changes in acidity or alkalinity. Think of it like a cheat sheet for predicting how acidic or basic a solution will be based on the balance between a weak … Read more
Ever wondered how your cells turn the food you eat into usable energy? Let’s break down the Krebs cycle—a cornerstone of cellular respiration—and answer the questions you’ve been searching for. Also known as the citric acid cycle, this process is a series of chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients. But where does this critical … Read more
What is Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis Definition Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, primarily in the liver and kidneys, to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or low carbohydrate intake. Location of Gluconeogenesis – Where does Gluconeogenesis Occur? Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the liver, which … Read more
What is Galactose? Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that is an aldohexose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose having the same structure as glucose, except that the atoms around carbon no. 4 are arranged differently. This sugar is around 65% of the sweetness of sucrose and is less sweet. It is paired with glucose … Read more
