What is Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis? Principle of Two-Dimensional lmmunoelectrophoresis The principle of two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis (2-D IEP) involves a two-step electrophoretic separation that permits antigen mixtures to be analysed and quantitated. In the first dimension the antigen (protein) mixture is loaded on an agarose gel and it is separated by electrophoresis by charge and mobility … Read more

What is Immunoelectrophoresis? Immunoelectrophoresis is defined as the separation of proteins by electrophoresis followed by their identification through immunologic (antigen-antibody) reactions. Immunoelectrophoresis Definition Immunoelectrophoresis is a biochemical technique that combines electrophoresis and antibody-antigen reactions to separate and identify proteins based on their antigenic properties. Objectives of Immunoelectrophoresis Principle of Immunoelectrophoresis The method is based on … Read more

What is Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)? Definition of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique used to separate and analyze proteins or nucleic acids based on their mobility in a porous polyacrylamide gel matrix under the influence of an electric field. Types of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Native PAGE – Proteins … Read more

What is SDS-PAGE? Definition of SDS-PAGE SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins based on their molecular weight by using a gel matrix and the denaturing agent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Objective Principle of SDS-PAGE SDS–PAGE refers as Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, and its main principle based on separation of proteins mainly by … Read more

What is Microtome? Principle of Microtome Parts of a microtome Base – The base is used for giving stability and strong support to the whole instrument, it’s usually made of heavy metal so that vibration is reduced during cutting of tissue. Knife / Blade – The knife is employed for cutting the tissue sections into … Read more

What is Mass Spectrometry (MS)? Definition of Mass Spectrometry (MS) Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify the chemical composition of a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ions, resulting in a mass spectrum that reveals the molecular and structural information of the sample. Principle of Mass Spectrometry (MS) Working of Mass … Read more

What is Solid State Fermentation (SSF)? Definition of solid state fermentation Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a fermentation method that involves the growth of microorganisms on solid support, such as grain brans or oil seed cakes, without a free-flowing aqueous phase. It is used in various industries to produce valuable metabolites, including antibiotics, enzymes, and … Read more

What is IR Spectroscopy? Principle of IR Spectroscopy The basic principle is that molecules absorb infrared (IR) radiation when the frequency of the radiation matches a vibration of a chemical bond in the molecule. Vibrations in molecules (stretching, bending, twisting) are possible because atoms are held by bonds and the atoms move relative to each … Read more

What is NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)? Principle of NMR Spectroscopy Working of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Instrumentation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy How to read an NMR spectrum and what it tells you? The horizontal axis (x-axis) of a ¹H or ¹³C spectrum is labelled in ppm (parts per million) and the … Read more

What is Thin Layer Chromatography? Principle of thin layer chromatography Components of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 1. Stationary Phase – The stationary phase is usually made by coating a thin layer of silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a glass plate, metal sheet, or plastic film. The layer act as an adsorbent, where separation of … Read more