What is Ecological Succession? Ecological Succession Definition Ecological succession is the systematic and predictable process by which species composition in an ecosystem changes over time, progressing from initial colonization to a mature and stable community. Characteristics of Ecological Succession Ecological succession is a fundamental concept in the realm of ecology, delineating the sequential transformation of … Read more
What is Pyramid of Number? The Pyramid of Numbers is a graphical representation used in ecology to illustrate the distribution of various species in different trophic levels of a food chain. This pyramid provides a quantitative analysis, showing the number of individual organisms present at each trophic level. Unlike other ecological pyramids which might consider … Read more
Submandibular gland is the second largest paired salivary gland of human body. It is about walnut size and its weight is about 7 to 15 gram. It is present in the submandibular triangle of neck, just below the lower border of mandible. It is an encapsulated gland. The gland is divided by mylohyoid muscle into … Read more
Digastric muscle is a small suprahyoid muscle present in the neck below the lower jaw. It is an important muscle because it helps in movement of mandible, hyoid bone and larynx. The name digastric means “two bellies”. So this muscle has two parts, anterior belly and posterior belly. These two bellies are joined in the … Read more
Antibiotic resistance is a condition in which microorganisms become resistant to antibiotic drugs. It is mostly seen in bacteria and fungi. In this condition the drug cannot kill the germ properly. The antibiotic is used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. But resistant bacteria can survive in presence of this drug. They multiply … Read more
Antiviral drugs are the antimicrobial drugs which are used to treat viral infections. These drugs are specially designed against the virus and its replication process. Some antiviral drugs act against one specific virus, while some drugs may act against many viral agents. Antiviral drugs do not usually destroy the virus directly. They mainly inhibit the … Read more
Antifungal drug is a drug used against fungal infection. It kills the fungus or inhibit the growth of fungus. Fungal infection is also called mycoses. Fungus and human cell both are eukaryotic. So many cell parts are similar in both. For this reason antifungal drug making is difficult. The drug should act on fungus but … Read more
Antibiotics are a group of antimicrobial chemical compounds that are used to treat bacterial infections. It acts selectively on bacteria without causing much harm to the human host. They are used when bacteria enter into the body and produces infection. Antibiotics may be obtained naturally from microorganisms such as moulds and fungi. Some antibiotics are … Read more
Cytokines are small soluble protein molecules which are produced by immune cells and some other body cells. It is used as chemical messenger between cells. It help in sending signal from one cell to another cell. These molecules mainly control immunity, inflammation and formation of blood cells. Cytokines are produced by T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, … Read more
Complement pathway is a part of innate immune system of body. It is also called complement cascade. It consists of more than 50 proteins which are present in blood and also attached on the cell surfaces. These proteins normally remain in inactive condition. When any foreign invader, pathogen or damaged cell is detected, these proteins … Read more
Nosocomial infection is an infection acquired from hospital or health care centre. It occurs during treatment of a patient. It is also called hospital-acquired infection or healthcare-associated infection (HAI). The word nosocomial is derived from Greek word nosokomeion. It means hospital. This term is used when the infection was not present in the patient before … Read more
Passive immunization is a type of immunization in which already formed antibodies are given to a person. It gives immediate protection against disease, toxin or venom. In this method, the body does not produce its own antibody for protection. This immunity may be naturally acquired. In natural passive immunization, the maternal antibodies are transferred from … Read more
