X-Ray Spectroscopy is a technique used for study of interaction between X-rays and matter. It is mainly used for determination of elemental composition and chemical state of a sample. It also gives information about physical properties of materials. It is based on emission and absorption of X-rays by atoms. When a material is excited by … Read more
Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC) is a chromatographic technique used for separation of molecules on the basis of their size and shape. It is also called size exclusion chromatography when water based buffer is used for the separation. It is mainly used for separation of biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides. In this technique, … Read more
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) is a chromatographic technique used to separate polymers and other large molecules according to their size in solution. It is also known as Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). In this technique, the polymer sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent and then passed through a column which contains porous gel beads. These … Read more
Centrifugal force is an apparent force that seems to act outward from the centre of rotation when a body moves in a circular path. It is also called a pseudo force or fictitious force because it is not produced by any real physical interaction. It is observed only in a rotating or non-inertial frame of … Read more
Automated Cell Counter is an analytical laboratory instrument that is used to count the number and concentration of cells in a given sample. It is used to measure cell viability also, with minimum human interaction. It replaces manual counting by using physical and optical sensors. So it gives more accurate and reproducible result. Automated cell … Read more
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis is a type of zone electrophoresis technique used to separate charged biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids and dyes in a liquid sample. It is carried out on a porous membrane made up of cellulose acetate. This membrane is first soaked in buffer solution and then electric current is passed through it. … Read more
Compound Microscope is an optical instrument in which two lenses are used to magnify the small specimen. It is also called light microscope. The two lenses are objective lens and eyepiece lens. The objective lens is near the specimen and eyepiece lens is near the eye. The specimen is placed on glass slide. Light is … Read more
Fluorescence Spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to study the fluorescence emitted by a sample after excitation by light. It is also known as fluorimetry or spectrofluorometry. In this method, UV or visible light of definite wavelength is allowed to fall on the sample. The electrons of molecules absorb this energy and go to excited … Read more
Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a molecular biology technique used for separation of very large DNA molecules in an agarose gel. It is used as a DNA fingerprinting method for large chromosomal DNA fragments. Normal agarose gel electrophoresis can separate only smaller DNA fragments, but PFGE can separate DNA fragments up to about 10 megabase … Read more
Laboratory Water Bath is a temperature controlled laboratory instrument that is used to heat and incubate samples at constant temperature for long time. It consists of a container or reservoir filled with heated water. The water acts as a heat medium and gives uniform heating to the sample. It is mainly used when direct flame … Read more
