Humoral immunity is a major part of adaptive immune system. It gives specific and long-lasting defence against extracellular pathogens and their toxic products. It mainly works in blood plasma and other body fluids. It is called humoral immunity because it depends on antibodies present in the fluid part of blood and extracellular body fluids. These … Read more
Immune response is the defense mechanism of body by which the body recognizes and removes harmful foreign particles or pathogens. It is activated when any foreign substances enter into the body by crossing the physical barriers. These foreign substances are called antigens. The antigens may be bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The immune response is … Read more
Anatomical and physiological barriers are the first defence barrier of immune system. These barriers stop the entry of pathogen in the body tissue. It is present on the outer surface and also in different opening part of body. Anatomical barriers are mainly skin, hair, mucous membrane and epithelial lining. Skin is the outer covering of … Read more
Body lines of defense are the protective system of human body. It protect the body from foreign harmful agents like virus, bacteria and fungi. These harmful agents are called pathogens. The body has three main lines of defense. These are first line of defense, second line of defense and third line of defense. They work … Read more
Dendritic cell is a special type of antigen presenting cell (APC). It connects innate immune system with adaptive immune system. It is a messenger cell of immunity. It has many branched projections on its surface. These projections are called dendrites. Due to these dendrites, the cell look like tree shaped or star like. Dendritic cells … Read more
Eosinophils are granulocytic white blood cells formed in the bone marrow, then released into blood and tissues. They are identified by bilobed nuclei and eosin-staining granules containing toxic proteins and cytokines, and they participate in immune regulation, tissue repair, and development. The content also outlines eosinophil development, receptors, migration, activation, and degranulation. It emphasizes their … Read more
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells and a key part of innate immunity. They are produced in bone marrow, circulate briefly, and rapidly move to infection or injury sites to fight bacteria and fungi through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst, and NET formation. The content also covers neutrophil development, structure, surface markers, migration, interactions … Read more
B cells or B lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte present in blood and lymphoid organs. It is one of the important cell of adaptive immune system. These cells mainly take part in humoral immunity, where antibody is the main defensive substance. The origin of B lymphocytes is from stem cells of bone marrow. In … Read more
T cell or T lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell which plays an important role in the adaptive immune system. It is mainly involved in the recognition of foreign antigen and destruction of infected cells. It also helps in antibody production and regulation of immune response. T cells are produced from progenitor cells … Read more
Stem cell is a undifferentiated special type of cell which can give rise to many other specialized cells of the body. It is also called body’s master cell. These cells are found in embryo and also in some adult tissues. Stem cells have two important properties. One is self renewal and another is differentiation. Self … Read more
