Tumor immunology is the study of interaction between immune system and tumor cells. It deals with how body recognize abnormal neoplastic cells and how these cells escape from immune response. Tumor cells are formed due to abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells. These cells may express new antigens on their surface. These antigens are recognized … Read more
Transplantation is a medical process in which living cells, tissues or organs are transferred from one site to another site. It is done to replace damaged, failed or absent body part. Transplantation is a process in which living cell, tissue or organ is transferred from one site to another site. It is done for replacing … Read more
Nervous system is a complex controlling and coordinating system of the body. It receives stimulus, processes the informations and gives response through muscles and glands. Human nervous system is a highly complex biological network of the human body. It is responsible for coordinating body functions, receiving sensory informations and producing different body responses. It has … Read more
Agglutination test is an immunological and serological test which is used to detect specific antigen or antibody in the patient sample. It is based on the visible clumping reaction between particulate antigen and its specific antibody. In this reaction, antibody binds with more than one antigen particle and form a lattice like network. So the … Read more
Immunoelectrophoresis is a biochemical technique which is used for the separation and identification of proteins, mainly immunoglobulins in biological samples. It is a combined method of electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. In this technique, proteins are first separated in agarose gel by applying electric current. After separation, specific antibody is added into the gel. The separated proteins … Read more
Immunological techniques are laboratory methods which are used to detect and measure different substances present in the body. It is mainly based on the specific reaction between antigen and antibody. Antigen is a substance which can produce immune response in the body. Antibody is a protein molecule produced by immune system against that specific antigen. … Read more
Bone marrow is a soft, spongy and gelatinous tissue present inside the hollow cavity of bones. It is mainly concerned with formation of blood cells. This process is called haematopoiesis. Bone marrow is a soft, spongy and gelatinous tissue inside the hollow spaces of some bones. It is present in hip bone, thigh bone, vertebrae, … Read more
Spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in human body. It is a soft, spongy and reddish purple organ. It filters the blood and not lymph. It is present in the upper left part of abdomen. This region is called left hypochondriac region. It lies behind and lateral to the stomach, below the left dome … Read more
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody present in human blood and tissue fluid. It is a Y-shaped glycoprotein produced by plasma cells. It gives long term protection by neutralizing toxins and microbes, opsonization and complement activation. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody present in human blood. It forms about 10-20% of … Read more
Active immunization is the process by which body own immune system is stimulated by giving antigen or vaccine. It produce antibodies and memory cells. The immunity is slow but long lasting. Active immunization is the process by which a harmless antigen is introduced into the body to produce immune response. It is commonly done by … Read more
