Principle of Transfection According to the definition of transfection, the external genetic material must enter the cell via the cell membrane. It is essential to highlight that the genetic material, whether DNA or RNA, is negatively charged as a result of the proteins that surround it. Therefore, in an unmanipulated environment, exogenous DNA cannot cross … Read more
What is Bioaerosol? Types of bioaerosols 1. Fungi 2. Bacteria 3. Viruses 4. Pollen Collection Methods of Bioaerosol/Deposition of Bioaerosol Bioaerosols are primarily collected via collection plates, electrostatic collectors, mass spectrometers, and impactors. Other experimental approaches are also utilised. In comparison to other PC filter alternatives, Polycarbonate (PC) filters have produced the most accurate bacterial … Read more
Biological oxygen demand refers to the amount of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen present) conditions at a certain temperature (BOD). The greater the concentration of organic contaminants in the water, the greater the oxygen demand of the bacteria. Consequently, the level of contamination in a body … Read more
What is Consumer? Consumer is a category that belongs inside an ecosystem’s food chain. It primarily refers to animals. Consumers cannot generate their own energy and must rely on the intake and digestion of producers, other consumers, or both in order to survive. Types of consumer 1. Primary consumers Examples of Primary consumers 2. Secondary … Read more
What is climax community? Climax community means Characteristics of a climax community Nature of Climax Community 1. Poly-climax and Mono-climax 2. Pattern theory of Climax Factors Affecting the Nature of Climax Community Transient and cyclic climax Theories of the Climax Community There are several ideas about what happens at the end: 1. Mono-climax Theory 2. … Read more
Glycolysis is the primary stage in the process of breaking down glucose in order to obtain energy to power the cell’s metabolism. The majority of living organisms perform glycolysis as a part in their metabolic process. This process does not require oxygen, which is why it is considered anaerobic. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasms of … Read more
Learn the Y-shaped energy flow model with a labelled diagram, grazing and detritus pathways, examples, advantages, limitations and comparisons.
Submandibular gland is the second largest paired salivary gland of human body. It is about walnut size and its weight is about 7 to 15 gram. It is present in the submandibular triangle of neck, just below the lower border of mandible.
Digastric muscle is a small suprahyoid muscle present in the neck below the lower jaw. It is an important muscle because it helps in movement of mandible, hyoid bone and larynx. The name digastric means “two bellies”. So this muscle has two parts, anterior belly and posterior belly. These two bellies are joined in the … Read more
Antibiotic resistance is a condition in which microorganisms become resistant to antibiotic drugs. It is mostly seen in bacteria and fungi. In this condition the drug cannot kill the germ properly. The antibiotic is used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. But resistant bacteria can survive in presence of this drug. They multiply … Read more
