AP Biology Note
8 units
·
39 lessons
College Board AP® Biology Study Guides. Concise resources for the College Board AP® Biology course.
AP Biology is an advanced placement course offered by the College Board in the United States, designed to provide high school students with a college-level foundation in biology. It covers a wide range of topics, including:
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry: The structure and function of biological molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as how these molecules contribute to cellular processes.
- Cell Biology: The study of cell structure, function, and processes, including cellular communication, energy transformation (e.g., cellular respiration, photosynthesis), and cell division.
- Genetics: The principles of inheritance, molecular genetics, gene regulation, and biotechnology techniques like DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
- Evolution: Understanding evolutionary theory, natural selection, genetic drift, and the history of life on Earth.
- Ecology: The interactions of organisms with each other and their environment, including ecosystems, population dynamics, and biodiversity.
- Organismal Biology: The structure, function, and development of plants and animals, including physiology and behavior.
The course is rigorous and focuses on critical thinking, experimental design, and data analysis, preparing students for further studies in biological sciences. At the end of the course, students take the AP Biology exam, which can earn them college credit or advanced standing depending on their performance and their college’s policies.
- 1.3.1 Introduction to Biological Macromolecules
- 1.3.2 Types of Biological Macromolecules
- 1.3.3 Monomers and Polymers
- 1.3.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules
- 1.3.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
- 1.3.6 Biomolecule Types, Structure, Examples, Significance
- 1.3.7 Examples of Macromolecules
- 1.3.8 Functions of Macromolecules
- 2.1.1 Eukaryotic Cell – Definition, Structure, Functions, Examples
- 2.1.2 Prokaryotic cells – Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
- 2.1.3 Cell Organelles and Their Functions
- 2.1.4 Cell Structure and Function
- 2.1.5 Plant cell – Structure, Definition, Diagram, Organelles
- 2.1.6 Animal Cell – Diagram, Structure, Types, Functions
- 2.1.7 Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell – Difference Between Plant and Animal Cell
- 2.1.8 Difference Between Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic Cell
- 2.1.9 Types of Plant Cell
- 2.3.1 Membrane Transport Introduction
- 2.3.2 Types of Membrane Transport
- 2.3.3 Facilitated Diffusion
- 2.3.4 Osmoregulation
- 2.3.5 Mode of Transport Across Plasma Membrane
- 2.3.6 Facilitated Diffusion vs Active transport
- 2.3.7 Difference Between Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
- 2.3.8 Simple Diffusion
- 2.3.9 Tonicity
- 2.3.10 Passive Transport
- 4.1.1 Cell Communication (Cell Signaling)
- 4.1.2 Introduction to Signal Transduction
- 4.1.3 Basic Steps in Signal Transduction
- 4.1.4 Types of signal transduction pathways
- 4.1.5 Types of Cell Signaling: Autocrine, Paracrine, Juxtacrine, Endocrine
- 4.1.6 Role of Receptors in Cellular Communication
- 4.1.7 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways
- 4.1.8 Signal Transduction
- 4.2.1 Cell Cycle
- 4.2.2 Phases of the Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
- 4.2.3 Role of Mitosis in Growth and Repair
- 4.2.4 Regulation of Cell Cycle
- 4.2.5 Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle
- 4.2.6 Role of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
- 4.2.7 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
- 4.2.8 Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle
- 5.3.1 Mendel’s Law of Segregation
- 5.3.2 Mendel’s Laws of Independent Assortment
- 5.3.3 Mendel’s Law of Dominance
- 5.3.4 Non-Mendelian Genetics
- 5.3.5 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
- 5.3.6 Epistasis
- 5.3.7 Monohybrid Crosses
- 5.3.8 Dihybrid Crosses
- 5.3.9 Incomplete Dominance
- 5.3.10 Codominance
- 5.3.11 Differences Between Monohybrid cross vs Dihybrid cross
- 5.3.12 Difference Between Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
- 5.5.1 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- 5.5.2 Chromosomal Abnormalities
- 5.5.3 Sex-Linked Inheritance
- 5.5.4 Pedigree Analysis – Types, Chart, Symbols, Methods, Examples
- 5.5.5 Nondisjunction
- 5.5.6 Chromosomal Mutation
- 5.5.7 Differences Between Backcross and Pedigree Methods
- 5.5.8 Pedigree Method – Procedure, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 6.2.1 Semiconservative DNA Replication
- 6.2.2 DNA Polymerase – Definition, Mechanism, Structure, Types
- 6.2.3 Helicase and DNA Helicases
- 6.2.4 DNA Ligase
- 6.2.5 Proofreading in Replication
- 6.2.6 What is DNA Replication? – Steps, Enzymes, Mechanism, Applications
- 6.2.7 Prokaryotic DNA Replication – Enzymes, Steps
- 6.2.8 Eukaryotic DNA Replication – Definition, Steps, Singnification
- 6.2.9 Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription
- 6.3.1 Transcription (RNA Synthesis) – Definition, Diagram, Steps, Inhibitors, Importance
- 6.3.2 Eukaryotic Transcription
- 6.3.3 Transcription In Prokaryotes – Definition, Stages, Significance
- 6.3.4 Post-transcriptional Modification – Definition, Types, Process, Importance
- 6.3.5 Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription
- 6.4.1 Protein Synthesis (Translation)- Definition, Steps, Sites, Machinery
- 6.4.2 Translation In Eukaryotes – Protein synthesis in Eukaryotic
- 6.4.3 Anticodon – Definition, Principle, Functions, Examples
- 6.4.4 Codon Chart and Codon Table
- 6.4.5 tRNA – Structure, Definition, Functions, Types
- 6.4.6 Translational regulation – Definition, Mechanism
- 6.4.7 Genetic Code – Definition, Characteristics, Wobble Hypothesis
- 6.4.8 Characteristic of Genetic Code
- 6.4.9 Central Dogma Theory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Code
- 6.5.1 Post-Transcriptional
- 6.5.2 Translational Control
- 6.5.3 Operon – Structure, Definition, Types, Functions
- 6.5.4 Tryptophan (Trp) Operon – Repressible operon
- 6.5.5 Arabinose Operon – Definition, Structure, Mechanism
- 6.5.6 gab Operon – Definition, Structure, Regulation
- 6.5.7 Galactose (Gal) Operon – Structure, Regulation
- 6.5.8 Enhancers and silencers – Definition, Location, Examples, Functions
- 6.5.9 Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis Regulation in Eukaryotes Cells
- 6.5.10 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
- 6.7.1 Mutation – Types, Causes, Mechanisms, Agents, Importance
- 6.7.2 Types of Mutations: Point Mutations, Insertions, Deletions
- 6.7.3 Missense Mutation – Definition, Types, Causes, Examples
- 6.7.4 Nonsense Mutation – Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
- 6.7.5 Silent Mutation – Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples, Applications
- 6.7.6 Frameshift Mutation – Definition, Types, Causes, Examples
- 6.7.7 Point mutation – Definition, Causes, Types, Examples
- 6.7.8 Deletion Mutation – Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
- 6.7.9 Induced Mutation – Definition, Mechanism, Examples
- 6.7.10 Somatic Mutation – Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples
- 6.7.11 Chromosomal Mutation – Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Advantages, Disadvantages
- 6.8.1 Genetic Engineering – Definition, Tools, Steps, Advantages, Applications, Examples
- 6.8.2 CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing – Definition, Mechanism, Application
- 6.8.3 Gene Cloning – Steps, Definition, Applications
- 6.8.4 Gel Electrophoresis System – Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure
- 6.8.5 Applications of Biotechnology: Gene Therapy, GMOs, Forensic Science
- 6.8.6 cDNA Cloning – Definition, Principle, Steps, Applications
- 6.8.7 Cloning Vectors – Definition, Types, Features, Applications
- 6.8.8 PCR Machine – Definition, Principle, Parts, Types Steps, Applications, Examples
- 6.8.9 Gradient PCR – Definition, Principle, Process, Functions
- 6.8.10 Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) – Definition, Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages
- 6.8.11 Emulsion PCR – Principle, Procedure, Advantages, Limitations, Uses
- 6.8.12 Difference between One-step RT-qPCR and Two-step RT-qPCR
- 7.1.1 Introduction to Natural Selection
- 7.1.2 Charles Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
- 7.1.3 Key Principles: Variation, Inheritance, Overproduction, Differential Survival
- 7.1.4 Types of Natural Selection: Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive
- 7.1.5 Adaptive Traits and Fitness
- 7.1.6 Introduction to Artificial Selection (selective breeding)
- 7.1.7 Human Influence on Selective Breeding
- 7.1.8 Examples in Agriculture and Animal Breeding
- 7.2.1 Population Genetics
- 7.2.2 Gene Pool and
- 7.2.3 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- 7.2.4 Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- 7.2.5 Calculation of Allele and Genotype Frequencies
- 7.2.6 Population Characteristics
- 7.2.7 Variations in Populations - The Role of Sexual Reproduction and Mutation
- 7.2.8 Gene frequencies – Definition, Calculation, Importance
- 7.3.1 Evidence of Evolution
- 7.3.2 Phylogeny of horse as an example of Evidences of Evolution
- 7.3.3 Molecular Evidence of Evolution: DNA and Protein Comparisons
- 7.3.4 Common Ancestry
- 7.3.5 Continuing Evolution - Examples of Modern Evolutionary Changes, Evolution in Response to Environmental Changes
- 7.3.6 Phylogenetic Trees
- 7.3.7 How to construct a Phylogenetic tree?
- 8.1.1 Behavioral and Physiological Adaptations
- 8.1.2 Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Factors
- 8.1.3 Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
- 8.1.4 Introduction to Ecology – Definition, Types, History, levels of organization
- 8.2.1 Producers
- 8.2.2 Consumers
- 8.2.3 Decomposers
- 8.2.4 Models of Energy Flow in a Ecosystem – Linear and Y-shaped food chains
- 8.2.5 Energy Flow in Ecosystem
- 8.2.6 Structure and Function of Ecosystems – Definition, Types
- 8.2.7 Efficiency of Energy Transfer: The 10% Rule
- 8.2.8 Food Chains
- 8.2.9 Food Webs
- 8.2.10 Ecological Pyramids – Definition, Types, Examples, Importance, Limitations
- 8.6.1 Community – Definition, Types, Characterisitcs, Importance
- 8.6.2 Plant communities – Characters, Ecotone and edge effect, Succession, Processes and types
- 8.6.3 Competition Interaction – Definition and Types with Examples
- 8.6.4 Interactions In communities – Types, Definition, Examples
- 8.6.5 Keystone Species and Their Role in Ecosystem Stability
- 8.7.1 Biodiversity – Definition, Types, Importance, Conservation
- 8.7.2 Importance of Biodiversity for Ecosystem Functioning
- 8.7.3 Threats to Biodiversity
- 8.7.4 Structure and Function of Ecosystems – Definition, Types
- 8.7.5 Community – Definition, Types, Characterisitcs, Importance
- 8.7.6 Community Characteristics – Dominance, Diversity, Species richness, Abundance, Stratification
- 8.7.7 Climax Community – Definition, Characteristics, Theories
Practice
Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
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