Oxygen Toxicity Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Various cellular enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving molecular oxygen; some of these reactions can result in addition of a single electron to an oxygen molecule, thereby forming superoxide radical. Superoxide radicals can inactivate vital cell components. However, recent studies suggest that their greatest detrimental action is through … Read more
What are Anaerobic bacteria? Characteristics of Anaerobic Bacteria Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria. Stringent anaerobes can be grown only by taking special precautions to exclude all atmospheric oxygen from the medium. Such an environment can be established by using one of the following methods: Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria using Prereduced media Procedure … Read more
Nutritional Requirement All forms of life, from microorganisms to human beings, share certain nutritional requirements for growth and normal functioning. The following observations substantiate this statement and also illustrate the great diversity of nutritional types found among bacteria. Energy Electron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Phosphorus Metal Ions Vitamins and vitamin-like compounds Water Classification of bacteria … Read more
Medicinal folklore was the primary treatment procedure for infections before the early 20th century. Over 2,000 years ago, a mixture of different antimicrobial properties was used to treat infections. The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, and other ancient cultures used selected mold and plant materials for the treatment of infections. After the discovery of synthetic … Read more
Mode of action of antibiotics Antibiotics are used in medicine and agriculture to prevent bacterial infection. The mode of action of antibiotics is varied based on the types of antibiotics. Some of them act by limiting the growth of bacteria and some of them act by killing the bacterial cell by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. … Read more
Treatment of an antifungal disease is quite difficult than a bacterial infection. The reason is quite clear that most of the eukaryotic fungal cells have a lot in common with human cells, so antifungal drugs can also damage the host body cells. Also, some fungi have detoxification properties that can modify antifungal drugs and as … Read more
Antiviral drug referred to those drugs or chemical agents that are used for the treatment of viral infection. There are present several types of antiviral drugs that are used for the treatment of viral infections such as Amantadine, Acyclovir, Azidothymidine, Ganciclovir, Abacavir. Each of these antiviral drugs follows a different mechanism. The variation in their … Read more
Antibiotic resistance or Drug resistance to bacteria is a modern enemy of the new generation. Before we know about antibiotic resistance, we must first know what bacteria are? Bacteria is a type of germs, which is found inside or outside of human or animal bodies. Most of the bacteria are harmless, and some of them … Read more
What is Human Circulatory Circuit? Definition of Human Circulatory Circuit The human circulatory circuit, also known as the cardiovascular system, is a complex network comprising the heart and blood vessels that facilitate the continuous flow of blood throughout the body, ensuring the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to and from cells. This system … Read more
What is Human Circulatory System? Definition of Human Circulatory System The human circulatory system is a complex network of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, driven by the heart, responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Features of Circulatory System The human circulatory system, a cornerstone of physiological functionality, … Read more
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