Avatar for Sourav Pan

Sourav Pan

Founder of Biology Notes Online, Biology & Microbiology Educator, M.Sc. in Microbiology
Expertise
Microbiology, Immunology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology
Education
University of Calcutta
Profile Last Updated: August 10, 2026

Sourav Pan is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and an M.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of Calcutta. He creates educational resources covering microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, botany, zoology, and other life-science subjects.

His goal is to make complex biological concepts easier to understand through well-structured, student-friendly articles based on academic textbooks, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative scientific sources. In addition to writing new content, he regularly reviews and updates articles to improve their accuracy, clarity, and educational value.

Color Spectrophotometer – Principle, Parts, Procedure, Applications

Color Spectrophotometer - Principle, Parts, Procedure, Applications

Color Spectrophotometer is a precise analytical instrument that is used to measure and define the colour of a material. It measures colour by studying the interaction of light with the sample. It gives the colour in numerical form and reduces the error of human eye observation. It works by passing or reflecting a beam of … Read more

Homogenizer – Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Uses

Homogenizer - Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Uses

Homogenizer is a mechanical instrument used in laboratory and industry. It is used for mixing, dispersing and breaking down materials. It makes the mixture uniform and homogeneous. Homogenizer works by applying strong mechanical force. These forces include shear, cavitation and turbulence. By these forces, particles or droplets become smaller in size. It is used for … Read more

Incinerator – Principle, Procedure, Types, Applications

Incinerator - Definition, Principle, Types, Applications

Incinerator is a special type of furnace used for burning waste materials. It is used for hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. The burning is done in a controlled combustion chamber at very high temperature. The process is called incineration. In this process, different wastes like solid garbage, soil, sludge, liquids and gases are burned. After burning, … Read more

Laboratory Hot Plate –  Principle, Parts, Procedure, Uses

Laboratory Hot Plate -  Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses

Laboratory hot plate is a portable table top instrument used for heating samples, chemicals and reagents. It gives heat slowly and safely. It is used instead of open flame. It has a flat heating surface. The surface may be made up of ceramic, aluminium, polypropylene or stainless steel. A heating element is present below the … Read more

Laboratory Refrigerators and Freezers – Principle, Parts, Applications

Laboratory Refrigerators and Freezers - Principle, Parts, Applications

Laboratory refrigerators and freezers are special cooling instruments used in research, medical and scientific laboratories. They are used for storing temperature sensitive materials. Biological samples, vaccines, chemicals and reagents are preserved in them. They are different from normal household refrigerators. Laboratory refrigerators and freezers are made for accurate and stable cooling. They have uniform cooling, … Read more

Pipette – Principle, Parts, Procedure, Applications

Pipette - Definition, Principle, Parts, Procedure, Applications

Pipette is a precision laboratory instrument used for measuring, transferring and dispensing small amount of liquid. The word pipette is taken from French word, which means little pipe. It is commonly used in chemistry, biology and medical research work. Pipette is used for measuring liquid in millilitre or microlitre range. It helps to take accurate … Read more