Gram-negative bacteria are a type of bacteria identified by their reaction to the Gram stain test, where they lose the purple dye and take up a red or pink counterstain. This happens because their cell walls are thinner and structurally different compared to Gram-positive bacteria. Instead of a thick peptidoglycan layer, they have a smaller … Read more

What is Cyanobacteria? Definition of Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteria definition Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that obtain energy through photosynthesis. They are often referred to as blue-green algae, although they are not classified as true algae. Cyanobacteria played a crucial role in the production of oxygen and the shaping of Earth’s atmosphere. They can be found in various aquatic … Read more

What is Lactobacillus acidophilus? Classification of Lactobacillus acidophilu Habitat of Lactobacillus acidophilus Morphology of Lactobacillus acidophilus Metabolism of Lactobacillus acidophilus Genomics of Lactobacillus acidophilus Cultural Characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus Biochemical Characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus The biochemical characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus can provide valuable information about its metabolic capabilities. Here are some of the key biochemical characteristics: Fermentation of Various Substrates: Enzymatic Reactions: These … Read more

What is Staphylococcal Food Poisoning? Contamination Sources for Staphylococcal food poisoning Production of Toxin during Staphylococcal food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins Structure of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins Mode of Action of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins The mode of action of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SEs) involves their ability to induce emesis (vomiting) and activate immune responses. The specific amino acids and … Read more

What is Listeriosis? Listeriosis, also known as listeria infection, is a foodborne illness caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. It is a significant cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. Here are some key points about listeriosis: It is important to note that the information provided here is a general overview of listeriosis. For specific guidance and … Read more

What are Coliforms?  Introduction Classification of Coliforms Escherichia  Edwardsiella Citrobacter  Klebsiella  Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis Klebsiella ozaenae  Klebsiella oxytoca  Enterobacter Hafnia  Serratia  Proteus  Morganella  Providencia  Erwinia

Morphology of Proteus Proteus demonstrates the following characteristics: Culture of Proteus Proteeae organisms are aerobic bacteria that thrive on common media like nutrient agar. On the medium, colonies of Proteus exude a putrefactive (or “fishy” or “seminal”) stench. Swarming Biochemical properties of Proteus Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties Antigens O and H are present … Read more

Chlamydia Human infections caused by Chlamydia species Bacteria Diseases Chlamydia trachomatis Lymphogranuloma venereum, ocular lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal conjunctivitis, infant pneumonia, and urogenital infections Chlamydophila pneumoniae Pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia Chlamydophila psittac Psittacosis General Properties  There are two morphologically distinct forms of chlamydiae: elementary body and reticulate body. Elementary body Reticulate … Read more

Classification of Serratia marcescens Habitat of Serratia marcescens Serratia Marcescens Taxonomy Serratia Marcescens as a Tracer Organism Serratia Marcescens Symptoms Serratia Marcescens as a Cancer Therapy? Morphology of Serratia marcescens  Virulence Factors of Serratia marcescens Hemolysin production Lipopolysaccharide Extracellular products   Serratia marcescens Pathogenesis  S. marcescens, an emerging multidrug-resistant organism, has the potential to manifest in … Read more

What is Flagella? Definition od Flagella Flagella are slender, whip-like appendages extending from certain cells, primarily serving the purpose of motility and, in some organisms, functioning as sensory organelles. They are found across various organisms, from bacteria and archaea to eukaryotic cells. Types of Flagella Flagella, whip-like appendages found in various organisms, play a pivotal … Read more