What is Mass Spectrometry (MS)? Definition of Mass Spectrometry (MS) Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify the chemical composition of a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ions, resulting in a mass spectrum that reveals the molecular and structural information of the sample. Mass Spectrometry Principle Mass Spectrometry operates … Read more

What is Solid State Fermentation (SSF)? Definition of solid state fermentation Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a fermentation method that involves the growth of microorganisms on solid support, such as grain brans or oil seed cakes, without a free-flowing aqueous phase. It is used in various industries to produce valuable metabolites, including antibiotics, enzymes, and … Read more

What is IR Spectroscopy? Principle of IR Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy operates on the basis of analyzing the interaction between infrared radiation and a molecule. In terms of wavelength, the infrared region most frequently employed for analyzing organic compounds lies between 2,500 and 16,000 nm, corresponding to a frequency range of 1.9 × 10^13 to … Read more

What is NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)? NMR spectroscopy, commonly known as Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), is a strong analytical method used to analyze the local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. It is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atom nuclei in the radiofrequency area, which generally ranges from 4 to 900 … Read more

What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a large family of analytical procedures used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. It is an effective technique in many scientific fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, environmental analysis, and forensic research. The chromatographic concept is based on the differential distribution of components between two phases: stationary and … Read more

What is Paper Chromatography? Types of Paper chromatography There are two main types of paper chromatography: paper adsorption chromatography and paper partition chromatography. Both paper adsorption chromatography and paper partition chromatography are valuable techniques for separating and analyzing mixtures of compounds. They rely on the principles of adsorption or partitioning to achieve separation, and the … Read more

What is Gamma-ray Spectroscopy? Gamma-ray (γ-ray) spectroscopy Principle The basic idea behind gamma-ray spectroscopy is to detect and analyze the energy of incident gamma rays. Gamma rays of varying energy and intensities are emitted by radioactive sources. A gamma-ray energy spectrum is produced when these gamma rays are detected and examined using a spectroscopic instrument. … Read more

What is X-Ray Spectroscopy? History of X-ray spectroscopy The history of X-ray spectroscopy dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with notable contributions from pioneering scientists. Here is an overview of the key milestones: The discoveries and advancements made by these scientists laid the foundation for X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography. Over the … Read more

What is Gel Filtration Chromatography? Phases in Gel Filtration Chromatography There are two main phases in gel filtration chromatography: the mobile phase and the stationary phase. In summary, gel filtration chromatography consists of two phases: the mobile phase (the solvent that transports the sample through the column) and the stationary phase (the gel-packed column that … Read more

What is Gel Permeation Chromatography? Gel Permeation Chromatography Principle The separation of components based on their molecular weight or size is the basis of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also known as gel filtration or size exclusion chromatography. The method employs a stationary phase composed of a porous polymer matrix. The solvent that serves as the … Read more