Starch Casein Agar (SCA) – Composition, Principle, Preparation
Starch casein agar can be described as an nutrient-rich medium that is used for the cultivation and growth of the saccharolytic marine bacteria.
Practical
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Most Probable Number (MPN) Test – Principle, Procedure, Results
What is Most Probable Number (MPN) Test? Definition of Most Probable Number (MPN) Test The Most Probable Number (MPN) test is a statistical method used to estimate the concentration of microorganisms, particularly indicator organisms, in a sample by analyzing positive and negative reactions in a series of tests. It is commonly employed in water quality … Read more
Radial Immunodiffusion – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
Single Radial Immunodiffusion also referred to as Mancini technique is a quantitative immunodiffusion technique that is used to measure the antigen’s concentration by measuring the size of the precipitin-based ring created by the interaction between the antigen with the antibody at the optimal concentration. The antibody is embedded in the agarose gel, while the antigen is diffused into it in the form of a radiatal pattern.
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Applications
What is Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test? Principle of Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test The principle of the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is based on the detection of antibodies produced in response to antigens released by damaged host cells during a syphilis infection. The RPR test is a macroscopic, non-treponemal flocculation card test that … Read more
Mantoux Test – Procedure, Normal Range and Result Interpretation
What is Mantoux Test? Principle of Mantoux Test The Mantoux test operates on the principle of delayed-type hypersensitivity, specifically Type IV hypersensitivity. This test is designed to assess a person’s cell-mediated immunity against the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To conduct this test, a substance known as Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is used, which is essentially a … Read more
Neutralization Test – Definition, Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications
What is Neutralization Test? Principle of Neutralization The neutralization principle is based on the understanding that certain antibodies or antitoxins can reduce or neutralize the various biological effects caused by enzymes, toxins, and viruses. There are two main types of neutralization tests: In both types of neutralization tests, the goal is to assess the ability … Read more
Complement Fixation Test – Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications
What is Complement Fixation? Principle of Complement Fixation Test The principle of the complement fixation test is based on the interaction between antigens, antibodies, and complement proteins. When an antigen and antibody come into contact, they form an antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex. This complex then interacts with complement proteins and becomes fixed with them. As a … Read more
Detect the presence of specific antibody and quantitate the amount of antibody in patient’s serum
Such is the case with the slide and tube Widal test. The agglutinins against the ‘0’ (somatic) and ‘H’ (flagellar) antigens of Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, and paratyphi B are measured qualitatively (slide test) and quantitatively (Tube test) using a suspension of suitable organisms that have been killed. Widal-quantitative tube agglutination test This test aids … Read more
Haemagglutination Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Material
What is Hemagglutination assay? Haemagglutination Test Principle The fundamental principle underlying the hemagglutination test revolves around the interaction between antigens and antibodies present on the surface of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). When these antigens encounter their corresponding complementary antibodies or vice versa, they bind together, resulting in the agglutination or clumping of the RBCs. This … Read more
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test
The nucleic acids of many viruses encode surface proteins (such as hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus) that agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) of numerous species. Hemagglutination is the process by which viral hemagglutinins react with red blood cells to form a lattice of agglutinated cells that settle unevenly in a tube or microtiter well. Unagglutinated … Read more