B cells or B lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte present in blood and lymphoid organs. It is one of the important cell of adaptive immune system. These cells mainly take part in humoral immunity, where antibody is the main defensive substance. The origin of B lymphocytes is from stem cells of bone marrow. In
T cell or T lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell which plays an important role in the adaptive immune system. It is mainly involved in the recognition of foreign antigen and destruction of infected cells. It also helps in antibody production and regulation of immune response. T cells are produced from progenitor cells
Stem cell is a undifferentiated special type of cell which can give rise to many other specialized cells of the body. It is also called body’s master cell. These cells are found in embryo and also in some adult tissues. Stem cells have two important properties. One is self renewal and another is differentiation. Self
Tumor immunology is the study of interaction between immune system and tumor cells. It deals with how body recognize abnormal neoplastic cells and how these cells escape from immune response. Tumor cells are formed due to abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells. These cells may express new antigens on their surface. These antigens are recognized
Transplantation is a medical process in which living cells, tissues or organs are transferred from one site to another site. It is done to replace damaged, failed or absent body part. Transplantation is a process in which living cell, tissue or organ is transferred from one site to another site. It is done for replacing
Nervous system is a complex controlling and coordinating system of the body. It receives stimulus, processes the informations and gives response through muscles and glands. Human nervous system is a highly complex biological network of the human body. It is responsible for coordinating body functions, receiving sensory informations and producing different body responses. It has
Immunoelectrophoresis is a biochemical technique which is used for the separation and identification of proteins, mainly immunoglobulins in biological samples. It is a combined method of electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. In this technique, proteins are first separated in agarose gel by applying electric current. After separation, specific antibody is added into the gel. The separated proteins
Immunological techniques are laboratory methods which are used to detect and measure different substances present in the body. It is mainly based on the specific reaction between antigen and antibody. Antigen is a substance which can produce immune response in the body. Antibody is a protein molecule produced by immune system against that specific antigen.
Bone marrow is a soft, spongy and gelatinous tissue present inside the hollow cavity of bones. It is mainly concerned with formation of blood cells. This process is called haematopoiesis. Bone marrow is a soft, spongy and gelatinous tissue inside the hollow spaces of some bones. It is present in hip bone, thigh bone, vertebrae,
Spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in human body. It is a soft, spongy and reddish purple organ. It filters the blood and not lymph. It is present in the upper left part of abdomen. This region is called left hypochondriac region. It lies behind and lateral to the stomach, below the left dome
