Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon inherited primary immunological weakness that affects particular white blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils). The illness is characterised by a failure to resist certain bacterial and fungal infections and a propensity to develop persistent inflammation. Life-threatening recurrent fungal and bacterial infections affecting the skin, … Read more
What is Immunodeficiency? General Features Of Immunodeficiency Diseases Prior to beginning our examination of specific disorders, it is necessary to review some common characteristics of immunodeficiencies. Classification of Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency diseases are categorised as A. Congenital or Primary Immunodeficiencies 1. B-Cell Immunodeficiencies (a) X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, (b) selective immunoglobulin deficiencies, (c) hyperIgM syndrome, and (d) interleukin-12 … Read more
Animal models of autoimmune illnesses have provided invaluable insights into the mechanism of autoimmunity, human autoimmunity, and prospective therapies. Certain inbred animal breeds develop autoimmunity naturally, and autoimmunity can also be caused by certain experimental procedures. Autoimmunity Can Develop Spontaneously in Animals Autoimmunity Can Be Induced Experimentally in Animals
What is Hypersensitivity? Definition of Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity is an abnormal and exaggerated response of the immune system to a substance (antigen) that is usually harmless. It can lead to allergic reactions and immune-related diseases. Causes Of Hypersensitivity Diseases Hypersensitivity is caused by various immune responses that can be triggered by different types of antigens. The … Read more
What is a Cytotoxic T cell? Development of CD8+ T cells Effector CTLs Are Generated from CTL Precursors Activation and differentiation of CD8+ T cells Cytotoxicity Mediated by CD8+ T Role in anti-viral immunity Role in anti-tumor immunity What are Memory CD8+ T cells? All of these effector and memory subsets work together to generate … Read more
Cell-Mediated Immunity Definition CMI is an unique sort of acquired immune response that is not mediated by antibodies but rather by sensitised T cells. This type of immunity is passed from donor to recipient without the need of antisera, but rather with intact lymphocytes; therefore, it is referred to as cell-mediated immune reaction. Contrary to … Read more
Definition of Immunological Tolerance Immunological tolerance is a state of specific immunologic nonreactivity to a specific antigen to which an individual has been previously exposed. Immune tolerance stops the immune system from responding to self-antigens. Mechanisms of Tolerance The proposed mechanisms of tolerance are clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and suppression. Clonal deletion: Clones of B … Read more
A nosocomial infection, also known as a hospital-acquired infection, is an infection that a patient contracts during the course of receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting such as a hospital, nursing home, or clinic. Nosocomial infections have been a significant problem throughout history, with reports of healthcare-associated infections dating back to the … Read more
Hey, in this article I will discuss the complement pathway which is one of the easiest pathways. Basically, This complement pathway helps to kill microorganisms by antibodies or phagocytosis. The complement pathway has been accomplished in three main ways, which I have discussed step by step below. Believe me, if you understand the first step … Read more
What is Diatom? Definition of Diatom A diatom is a tiny, single-celled algae with a hard shell made of silica, found in oceans, waterways, and soil. They play a crucial role in oxygen production, nutrient cycling, and the food web of aquatic ecosystems. Scientific classification of Diatom Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Diaphoretickes Clade: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles … Read more
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