Overview of Immune System Innate Immune System Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System a. Active Immunity b. Passive Immunity Organs of the Immune System Organs that function as barriers The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of protection against pathogens entering the body from the outside. They serve as a physical barrier with the assistance … Read more
The immune system is a complex network of organs, tissues, and cells that work together to keep the body healthy and protect it against outside intruders. Among the numerous components of the immune system, immune system cells play an important role in identifying and removing dangerous chemicals. Primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs are … Read more
Features Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity Types of acquired immunity An acquired immunity against a microorganism may be produced through the host’s response to the bacterium or by the transfer of particular antibodies or lymphocytes. There are two types of immunity: active and passive. 1. Active immunity Types of Active immunity There are two varieties of active … Read more
What is Active Immunity? Definition of Active Immunity Active immunity refers to the immunity that is acquired when the body’s own immune system produces antibodies in response to exposure to a foreign antigen, such as a pathogen or vaccine. It provides long-lasting protection against specific antigens. Characteristics of Active Immunity Active immunity possesses several key … Read more
What is Passive Immunity? Definition of Passive Immunity Passive immunity is the temporary protection against infectious diseases provided by the introduction of pre-formed antibodies from an external source, rather than the body’s own immune response. Characteristics of Passive Immunity Passive immunity possesses several distinct characteristics that differentiate it from active immunity: Types of Passive Immunity … Read more
Complement System Definition The complement system, also known as the complement cascade, is a component of the immune system that boosts the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to eliminate germs and damaged cells from an organism, stimulate inflammation, and assault the cell membrane of a pathogen. Properties of Complement Complement demonstrates the following attributes: … Read more
The Membrane-Attack Complex Can Lyse a Broad Spectrum of Cells Cleavage Products of Complement Components Mediate Inflammation C3b and C4b Binding Facilitates Opsonization The Complement System Also Neutralizes Viral Infectivity The Complement System Clears Immune Complexes from Circulation Complement Deficiencies C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, and C2 Deficiencies C3 deficiencies Homozygous deficiencies Congenital deficiencies The majority … Read more
The classical pathway is a key immune system mechanism that plays an important role in defending the body from foreign invaders. It consists of a series of sequential interactions among complement components that result in the killing of target cells via a process known as cell lysis. The presence of an antibody attached to an antigen, … Read more
What is Alternative pathway of the complement system ? Activators of the alternative pathway Activators of the alternative pathway of complement activation include Steps of activation of alternative pathway Four serum proteins comprise the initial component of the alternative pathway: C3b, factor B, factor D, and properdin. 1. C3bB complex Formation 2. C3bB Cleavage 3. … Read more
An Overview of Complement System What is Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation? Components of Lectin Pathway 1. Mannose-binding lectin Structural subunits of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins 2. MBL serum levels and MBL2 gene polymorphisms 3. Ficolins Ficolin-1 Ficolin-2 Ficolin-3 4. MBL-associated serine proteases Steps, Mechanism, Process of Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway, also known … Read more
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