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Cryo Electron Microscopy – Principle, Procedure, Advantages, Limitations and Applications

Cryo Electron Microscopy - Principle, Strengths, Limitations and Applications

What is cryo-EM? Principle of cryo EM Types of cryo EM Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a collection of special methods. These are broadly categorized into two types, mainly cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Each has its own advantage in the analysis of biological samples in their native state, frozen by cryo-preparation. … Read more

Theta Model of Replication – Steps, Applications, Examples

Theta Model of Replication - Definition, Mechanism

What is Theta model of DNA Replication? The theta model of DNA replication is a mechanism for DNA replication which occurs in circular DNA molecules, in particular, those of bacteria, and also the mitochondria and chloroplasts. True to its name, this replication process creates an intermediate structure during replication that resembles the Greek letter theta … Read more

Codon Chart – Codon Table, mRNA Codon Chart, Amino Acids & RNA Wheel Explained

Codon Chart and Codon Table

A codon chart acts like life’s universal genetic dictionary, translating sequences of three DNA or RNA letters (called codons) into the 20 amino acids that build proteins. It’s essential because nearly all living things — from bacteria to humans — use this same code, allowing scientists to engineer life-saving breakthroughs like bacteria-produced insulin or mRNA … Read more

Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy – Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses

The Fluorescence Light Path

Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy is defined as an optical imaging method, which is employed in laboratories for visualization of fluorescent-labeled samples. The technique is widely described as an essential approach, and it has been repeatedly applied in cell studies, tissue examinations, and even in material analysis. In this method, illumination is delivered from the same side / … Read more

Telomerase – Structure, Mechanism, Regulation, Functions

Telomeres and Telomerase

What is Telomerase? Telomerase (terminal transferase) is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends telomeres, the repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomeres function as protective caps, stopping chromosome ends from being erroneously perceived as DNA damage or from bonding with neighboring chromosomes. Most eukaryotes use telomerase to maintain their telomeres, but some organisms, … Read more

Telomeres – Structure, Aging, Shortening, Functions

Telomeres and Telomerase

What Are Telomeres (telomere)? At the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes are specialized structures called telomeres. DNA degradation is prevented by repetitive nucleotide sequences of the telomere, which caps and so stabilizes chromosomal DNA during cell division. The termini of chromosomes not only have no translation product but instead have a highly important role in … Read more

Various model of Replication – Theta, rolling circle, and linear DNA replication

Various model of Replication - Theta, rolling circle, and linear DNA replication

Plasmids are small circular molecules of DNA that exist independently of chromosomal DNA within a cell. Because they replicate independently, these molecules are called replicons. The plasmids have an origin of replication known as the ori site from which replication begins. Plasmids encode a few of their own proteins, but when it comes to replication … Read more

Gluconeogenesis – Definition, Steps, Reactions, Substrates, Importance

Gluconeogenesis - Definition, Steps, Reactions, Substrates, Importance

What is Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis Definition Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, primarily in the liver and kidneys, to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or low carbohydrate intake. Location of Gluconeogenesis – Where does Gluconeogenesis Occur? Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the liver, which … Read more

Galactose Metabolism – Steps, Importance, Leloir Pathway

Galactose Metabolism - Steps, Importance, Leloir Pathway

What is Galactose? Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that is an aldohexose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose having the same structure as glucose, except that the atoms around carbon no. 4 are arranged differently. This sugar is around 65% of the sweetness of sucrose and is less sweet. It is paired with glucose … Read more

Glycogenesis – Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Importance

Glycogenesis Steps

What is Glycogenesis? Definition of Glycogenesis Glycogenesis is the biological process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose molecules, primarily in the liver and muscles, for energy storage and glucose homeostasis. Key Enzymes in Glycogenesis Glycogenesis is the biochemical process that converts glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle tissues. This process relies on … Read more

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