Gene therapy is a groundbreaking field of medicine that focuses on the modification of cells to treat or prevent genetic disorders by repairing or replacing defective genetic material. It holds the potential to cure a wide range of genetic diseases by directly addressing the underlying genetic abnormalities. In this series of articles, we aim to … Read more
What is lac Operon? Jacques Monod (1910–1976) began studying bacterial growth and regulation in the late 1930s. He selected E. coli as a model bacteria and eventually concentrated on genes involved in E. coli’s growth on lactose. Francois Jacob joined him in his studies roughly 15 years later (1920–2013). As a result of their research, … Read more
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon Definition A collection of genes that are transcribed together encode the components for tryptophan synthesis. Note: The trp operon is a set of genes that, when transcribed together, encode the enzymes that cause bacteria to generate the amino acid tryptophan. The trp operon was initially defined in Escherichia coli, and it has … Read more
What is Arabinose Operon? Structure of L-arabinose operon The linear structure of the arabinose operon consists of four unique genes and a catabolic active site. Structural genes Function of Structural genes Inducer Gene Regulatory gene Catabolic Active Site Operator Gene Promoter Gene In Summary Regulation of Arabinose Operon Negative regulation of araBAD Positive regulation of … Read more
How L-arabinose operon different from other operons? Nevertheless, Englesberg et al. discovered that the ara operon’s function differs significantly from that of the lac operon. Thus, the following paradigm was hypothesised: The arabinose system: genes and behavior How the ara system works? DNA looping: discovery, proof and biological use – helical-twist experiment
What is Gal operon? Structure of Gal operon The Leloir pathway of D-galactose metabolism Regulation of Transcription Regulation without Regulatory Proteins Control of P1 by Adenine Tracks Control of P2 by UTP Repression by GalR and HU: DNA Looping Regulation in the Absence of DNA Looping: Interaction between GalR and RNA Polymerase Activation of P2 … Read more
What is Operon? Definition of Operon An operon is a functional unit of DNA in prokaryotes that contains a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, allowing for coordinated expression of related genes. General structure of Operon The operon is a fundamental genetic regulatory system found in prokaryotes, consisting of several key … Read more
What is Intron? Origin of Introns Types of Introns Group I introns, Group II introns, Nuclear pre-mRNA introns, and Transfer RNA itrons are the four types of introns. 1. Group I introns 2. Group II Introns 3. Spliceosomal introns/Nuclear pre-mRNA Introns 4. Transfer RNA introns Intron Structure Intron Function Splicing Steps of Splicing Splicing occurs … Read more
What is Spliceosome? Properties of Spliceosome Structure and composition of Spliceosome Components of Spliceosome In addition to the pre-mRNA, spliceosomes include many other RNAs and proteins. Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs, pronounced “snurps”) are a type of RNA-protein complex that includes a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) bound to a protein. Gel electrophoresis enables the snRNAs to … Read more
What is 5′ capping? The unique cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA is composed of 7-methylguanosine residues connected by a 5′-5′ triphosphate bridge. Structure of 5′ cap 5’ Capping process The starting point for capping with 7-methylguanylate is the unmodified, triphosphate-terminated 5′ end of an RNA molecule. Following the last nucleotide are three phosphate groups connected … Read more
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