What are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are Y-shaped proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) in response to the presence of foreign substances known as antigens. Antibodies are an essential component of the immune system and play a crucial role in recognizing, binding to, and neutralizing antigens. … Read more
What is ELISA test ? Definition of ELISA ELISA, short for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, is a widely used laboratory technique that detects and measures the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample. It involves the binding of target molecules (antibodies or antigens) to a solid surface, followed by the addition of enzymes or … Read more
What is Hematopoiesis? Hematopoiesis, derived from the Greek words “haima” meaning blood and “poiein” meaning to make, is the process through which blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem cells. It is a crucial and continuous process necessary for maintaining the appropriate levels of circulating blood cells within the body. All cellular components of blood, … Read more
What is Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Molecules)? Definition of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Molecules) The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are a set of cell surface proteins encoded by a cluster of genes that play a crucial role in intercellular recognition and immune responses. They present antigens derived from self-proteins or pathogens on the cell … Read more
What is Antigen Processing, And Presentation? Major histocompatibility complex Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC Class I) Structure of MHC Class I Major histocompatibility complex II (MHC Class II) Structure of MHC Class II Major Histocompatibility Class III (MHC Class III) Antigen Processing and Presentation 1. Cytosolic pathway – Endogenous antigen 2. Endocytic Pathway – Exogenous … Read more
What is Immune Response? Primary Immune Response The immune response can be divided into four distinct phases when the body encounters an antigen for the first time. These phases include the lag phase, exponential phase, plateau phase, and decline phase. Each phase plays a crucial role in the overall immune response. In addition to the … Read more
What is The Rh blood group? Nomenclature of Rh blood group Antigens of the Rh blood group The Rh blood group system consists of 49 antigens, with the most significant ones being D, C, E, c, and e. The specificity of most Rh antigens is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the proteins. … Read more
What is Autoimmunity? General Features Of Immunologic Tolerance Autoimmunity, encompassing more than 80 different conditions, affects approximately 5% of the population. While each autoimmune disease may have unique characteristics, there are several common features shared among them: Autoimmune diseases can be classified into two broad categories based on the nature of the targeted self-antigens: organ-specific … Read more
What is Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction? Definition of Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction? Type I hypersensitivity reaction, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, is an exaggerated immune response triggered by the re-exposure to a specific allergen. It involves the rapid release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils sensitized with IgE antibodies. This type of reaction … Read more
What is Type II Hypersensitivity? Definition of Type II Hypersensitivity Type II hypersensitivity is an immune response characterized by the destruction of healthy cells mediated by antibodies, specifically IgG or IgM, targeting antigens on the surface of host cells. This antibody-mediated reaction can lead to cell lysis, tissue damage, or loss of function. Mechanism of … Read more
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