Avatar for Sourav Pan

Sourav Pan

Founder of Biology Notes Online, Biology & Microbiology Educator, M.Sc. in Microbiology
Expertise
Microbiology, Immunology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology
Education
University of Calcutta
Profile Last Updated: August 10, 2026

Sourav Pan is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and an M.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of Calcutta. He creates educational resources covering microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, botany, zoology, and other life-science subjects.

His goal is to make complex biological concepts easier to understand through well-structured, student-friendly articles based on academic textbooks, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative scientific sources. In addition to writing new content, he regularly reviews and updates articles to improve their accuracy, clarity, and educational value.

Isolation of Microorganisms from Soil

Isolation of Microorganism from Soil

Soil contain different types of microorganisms which are listed below; Principle of Isolation of Microorganisms from Soil During this process, the soil sample is collected from the study site. After that, the soil sample is dissolved in distilled water and then serial dilution is performed. Then the spread-plate/streak plate method is performed on the sample … Read more

How to balance a centrifuge? – Centrifuge Balancing

How to balance a centrifuge? - Centrifuge Balancing

What is Centrifuge? What is Centrifuge Balancing? Why it is important to balance a centrifuge? – Why is centrifuge balanced? What Happens if a Centrifuge is Unbalanced?  How Centrifuge Works? What is Centrifuge Tube? How to balance in different  centrifuge? If you are utilising a portable benchtop instrument, you must ensure that the centrifuge is … Read more

Serial Dilution Method – Definition, Procedure, Application

Serial Dilutions and Plating Procedure

What is a serial dilution? Serial dilution definition Serial dilution is a methodical process in which a solution is diluted sequentially to produce a series of progressively reduced concentrations. What is the purpose of serial dilution? – Serial Dilution Objectives Serial dilution serves as a foundational procedure in numerous scientific disciplines, especially microbiology. The primary … Read more

Moist Heat Sterilization – Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages

Moist Heat Sterilization Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages

Of all the options to sterilize (killing or eliminating all microorganisms, which includes the spores of bacterial growth) moist heat that is saturated steam with pressure has been the most frequently utilized and most reliable method. Moisture has more penetrating power than dry heat, and at a certain temperature, causes a greater reduction in the quantity of live microorganisms. Steam sterilization is safe cheap, low-cost, quickly microbicidal, as well as sporicidal. It quickly heats and penetrates into fabrics.

Spread‌ ‌Plate‌ ‌Method‌ – Procedure, Principle, Purpose, Result.

Spread‌ ‌Plate‌ ‌Method‌: Procedure, Principle, Purpose, Result.

Spread Plate Method in microbiology The spread plate method is used to isolate individual colonies from a diluted sample of mix population. Different methods have been developed for the isolation of microorganisms from a mixture sample but among them Spread plate culture method is the most widely used technique in laboratory. An ideal spread plate … Read more

Pour Plate Method – Principle, Procedure, Objective, Result, Advantages

Pour Plate Method Principle, Procedure, Objective, Result

The pour Plate Method technique was created in the laboratory by Robert Koch and is still widely used in the laboratory since his time. This technique is appropriate for Microaerophilic, facultative, or anaerobic microorganisms. It is straightforward to use, requires fewer resources, and is simple and cost-effective. However, it requires the specimen to be placed … Read more