What is Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA)? Properties of hnRNA Processing of hnRNA During processing, the hnRNA undergoes the following chemical modifications: 1. Packaging of hnRNA with protein 2. Polyadenylation or Poly (A) tail formation 3. RNA splicing 4. 5′ Capping Mature mRNA One central coding segment, two untranslated segments, one on either side of the
What is shRNA (Short-hairpin RNA)? The shRNA is our short hairpin RNA, which is shorter, artificially manufactured, double-stranded ribonucleic acid that can be used in gene silencing investigations. What is RNA Interference? This mechanism inhibits genes through the targeting of messenger RNA molecules. mRNA is degraded, blocking protein synthesis and transcription. This is accomplished by
What is Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)? Types of Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) The snRNAs can be divided into two classes on the basis of common sequence features and protein cofactors. 1. Sm-class RNAS 2. Lsm-class RNAs Structure of snRNA Steps of snRNA gene transcription phosphorylation of the CTD of Pol II during snRNA gene transcription.
What is Enhancer RNA? Enhancer RNAs Detection Functions of enhancer RNAs Biogenesis of Enhancer RNAs 1D eRNAs 2D eRNAs Enhancer RNAs in disease Enhancer RNA and inflammation Enhancer RNA and neurodegenerative disorders Enhancer RNA and cancer Enhancer RNA in diabetes Mechanisms of Enhancer RNAs Transcriptional Noise Transcription-dependent effects Functional activity in cis Functional activity in
What is Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)? History Properties of tmRNA tmRNA Structure tmRNA contain the following domains; tRNA-Mimic Domain Pseudoknots mRNA-Mimic Domain Protein Partners tmRNA Function ― Trans-Translation Trans-translation of tmRNA activity Steps Regulation of tmRNA activity Facts References
RNA Interference Definition RNA interference is the process by which RNA molecules suppress gene expression by neutralising the targeted messenger RNA molecules. RNA Interference Mechanism The RNA interference mechanism can be explained in the following steps: Why RNAi as a genetic tool? RNA Interference Applications References
What is tRNA? History of tRNA Properties of tRNA tRNA biogenesis Structure of tRNA The transfer RNA (soluble RNA) molecule has a molecular weight of about 25,000 and has between 71 and 80 nucleotides, most of which are 75. There are at least 20 different kinds of tRNAs, which is the same number of amino
What is mRNA? This sort of RNA acts by transferring genetic material into ribosomes and transmitting instructions regarding the types of proteins that body cells require. Based on their roles, these RNA types are known as messenger RNA. Therefore, mRNA plays an essential function in the transcription process or during protein synthesis. History of mRNA
mRNA Degradation in Prokaryotic Cells Bacterial Ribonucleases Bacteria use a vast arsenal of ribonucleolytic enzymes to degrade messenger RNA (mRNA), many of which are exclusive to certain bacterial clades. Endoribonucleases RNase E, RNase Y, and RNase III are the most prominent endonucleases implicated thus far in bacterial mRNA turnover. Exoribonucleases In order to supplement the
What is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? Discovery of Ribosomal RNA Structure of rRNA Detail Structure of rRNA 5S ribosomal RNA 5S ribosomal RNA Structure Location within the ribosome Functions of 5s rRNA 23S ribosomal RNA Structure 23S rRNA Functions 16S ribosomal RNA Structure Functions of 16S ribosomal RNA 28S ribosomal RNA Structure Functions 18S ribosomal RNA
