20 min read 
What is tRNA? History of tRNA Properties of tRNA tRNA biogenesis Structure of tRNA The transfer RNA (soluble RNA) molecule has a molecular weight of about 25,000 and has between 71 and 80 nucleotides, most of which are 75. There are at least 20 different kinds of tRNAs, which is the same number of amino … Read more
24 min read 
What is mRNA? This sort of RNA acts by transferring genetic material into ribosomes and transmitting instructions regarding the types of proteins that body cells require. Based on their roles, these RNA types are known as messenger RNA. Therefore, mRNA plays an essential function in the transcription process or during protein synthesis. History of mRNA … Read more
13 min read 
mRNA Degradation in Prokaryotic Cells Bacterial Ribonucleases Bacteria use a vast arsenal of ribonucleolytic enzymes to degrade messenger RNA (mRNA), many of which are exclusive to certain bacterial clades. Endoribonucleases RNase E, RNase Y, and RNase III are the most prominent endonucleases implicated thus far in bacterial mRNA turnover. Exoribonucleases In order to supplement the … Read more
18 min read 
What is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? Discovery of Ribosomal RNA Structure of rRNA Detail Structure of rRNA 5S ribosomal RNA 5S ribosomal RNA Structure Location within the ribosome Functions of 5s rRNA 23S ribosomal RNA Structure 23S rRNA Functions 16S ribosomal RNA Structure Functions of 16S ribosomal RNA 28S ribosomal RNA Structure Functions 18S ribosomal RNA … Read more
10 min read 
What is Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)? Properties of siRNA Structure of siRNA Naturally occurring siRNAs have a well-defined structure consisting of phosphorylated 5′ ends, hydroxylated 3′ ends, and two overhanging nucleotides. Mechanism of siRNA action The following describes the process by which natural siRNA induces gene silencing via suppression of translation. siRNA is also similar … Read more
12 min read 
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a family of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Since their discovery in 1993, they have been the topic of extensive research due to their role in numerous crucial biological processes. Unlike other noncoding RNAs, microRNAs are created from transcriptional units that are processed by a particular group of endonucleases. … Read more
4 min read 
Griffith Experiment & Transforming Principle Frederick Griffith, a British bacteriologist, conducted a series of studies with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and mice in 1928. Griffith was not attempting to detect genetic material; rather, he was attempting to produce a vaccine for pneumonia. Griffith utilised two strains of bacteria identified as R and S in his tests. … Read more
9 min read 
Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Structure of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Occurrence of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Properties of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Pyrimidine Nucleotide Examples Cytosine Thymine Uracil Purines and Purine Nucleotides Structure of Purines and Purine Nucleotides Occurrence of Purines and Purine Nucleotides Properties of Purines and Purine Nucleotides Purine Nucleotides … Read more
50 min read 
What is DNA? DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides stuck together (or simply deoxynucleotides). It is made up of deoxyadenylate (dAMP), deoxyguanylate (dGMP), deoxycytidylate (dCMP), and deoxythymidylate (dTMP) units (dTMP) (Some authors prefer to use TMP instead of deoxythymidylate because it is only found in DNA.) History of DNA The history of DNA begins with … Read more
5 revisions 16 min read 
Many individuals believe that in the 1950s, American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA. In actuality, this is not true. DNA was discovered by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher in the late 1860s. Then, in the decades that followed Miescher’s discovery, other scientists, notably Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff, conducted a … Read more