43 min read 
Principle of Western blotting The principle of Western blotting involves the separation of proteins based on their size through gel electrophoresis, followed by the transfer of the separated proteins onto a solid support (blotting), and the detection of the target protein using specific antibodies (detection). In the first step, gel electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on … Read more
9 min read 
What is Translational regulation? In conclusion, translational regulation is a vital process that controls protein synthesis levels by modulating the initiation, elongation, and termination stages of translation. It enables rapid cellular adjustments in response to various stimuli and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms and factors involved in translational regulation contributes to … Read more
24 min read 
Barbara McClintock discovered the first transgenic elements in maize (Zea mays) at New York’s Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. McClintock was conducting experiments on maize seedlings with broken chromosomes. McClintock planted self-pollinating corn kernels during the winter of 1944–1945, indicating that the silk (style) of the flower received pollen from its own anther.These kernels originated from … Read more
30 min read 
What is an Anticodon? Anticodons play a crucial role in protein production by ensuring that the correct amino acids are incorporated in the appropriate positions. These sequences of nucleotides are found within transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. tRNAs act as carriers, bringing the specific amino acids that match the instructions encoded in the messenger RNA (mRNA) … Read more
43 min read 
James Wang discovered the first DNA topoisomerase in bacteria in 1971, initially naming it ω (omega) protein; it is now known as Escherichia coli (E. coli) topoisomerase I (topo I) and is a member of the type IA family of enzymes. Subsequently, James Champoux and Renato Dulbecco discovered an analogous activity in eukaryotic cells (rat liver); the … Read more
22 min read 
Before going through Eukaryotic Translation steps, please take a look at our previous article Prokaryotic Translation Steps, Requirements, to check the components required for the translation procedure. Protein synthesis in eukaryotes, which includes organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists, involves a complex process that occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation. Here’s … Read more
42 min read 
What is DNA Methylation? DNA Methylation Definition DNA methylation is an epigenetic process in which a methyl group (CH3) is added to the DNA molecule. This modification primarily occurs at the 5-carbon position of the cytosine ring, resulting in the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). It is considered one of the major mechanisms for regulating gene … Read more
46 min read 
In the world of genetics, there exists a remarkable technique that allows us to unlock the mysteries hidden within our DNA. DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a laboratory genetic method that has revolutionized the way we identify individuals, establish relationships, and investigate crimes. By analyzing specific regions of our unique genetic code, … Read more
16 min read 
What is gene expression? What is Gene Expression Profiling? Gene Expression Profiling Definition Gene expression profiling (GEP) is a technology for identifying the genes that are active in a given sample of cells or tissue. This technique enables profiling of genes that are differentially expressed in disease states; thereby providing diagnostic and prognostic information. Tools … Read more
65 min read 
What is Cloning Vector? A cloning vector is a small portion of DNA that can be maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for the purposes of cloning. The vector for cloning may consist of DNA extracted from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or the … Read more