What is a Retrovirus? Definition of Retrovirus A retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that replicates by converting its RNA genome into DNA through the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell’s genome, where it directs the production of new viral particles. Retroviruses are associated with various diseases, including … Read more
Streptococcus pneumoniae Overview Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacterium. It is alpha-hemolytic and belongs to the genus Streptococcus. Discovered by Louis Pasteur and George Sternberg in the late 19th century, it is a significant human pathogen, especially noted for causing pneumonia. S. pneumoniae typically appears as lancet-shaped diplococci, meaning it … Read more
What is Python Programming? Programming in Python refers to the process of creating computer programmes using the Python programming language. Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language renowned for its readability and simplicity. It was developed by Guido van Rossum and published for the first time in 1991. Python is extensively employed in numerous fields, … Read more
What is Sanger Sequencing? Principle of Sanger Sequencing The principle of Sanger sequencing is rooted in the termination of DNA strand elongation by dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs). These ddNTPs are modified versions of normal DNA nucleotides that lack a 3’ hydroxyl group, which is essential for forming a phosphodiester bond. Without this bond, the DNA strand … Read more
What is Whole Genome Sequencing? Principle of Whole Genome Sequencing The principle of whole genome sequencing (WGS) revolves around the complete sequencing of an organism’s DNA, encompassing both coding and non-coding regions. This method provides a thorough understanding of the genome, detailing the genes, regulatory elements, and variations present. WGS begins with the extraction of … Read more
What are Gram-negative bacteria? Cell wall of the Gram-negative is more complicated than the Gram-positive cell wall. The amount of peptidoglycan present in the Gram-negative cell wall is considerably lower than that of that of the cell’s Gram positive wall. There are only a few layers of peptidoglycan (2-8 millimeters) are visible in the cell … Read more
Bacterial Cell Wall Characteristics of Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan is a fundamental component of bacterial cell walls, forming a complex, mesh-like structure known as the sacculus. This structure is crucial for maintaining cell shape and integrity. Here are the key characteristics of peptidoglycan: Cell membrane of Gram-Positive Cell Wall The cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria is a … Read more
Archaeal Cell Wall Introduction One Membrane Archaea Double Membranes of Archaea What is S-Layer? The S-layer, or surface layer, is a fundamental component of the cell envelope in many archaea and some bacteria. It represents one of the most common cell wall variations, particularly among Crenarchaea. This layer consists primarily of proteins that self-assemble into … Read more
What is Cell Wall? Definition of Cell Wall A cell wall is a rigid, protective layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plants, fungi, algae, and some prokaryotes, providing structural support, shape, and protection. Bacterial Cell Wall Types Based on the result of gram staining it is stated that there are two types of cell … Read more
In the early 20th century there was no treatment to treat infections caused by bacteria. This included tuberculosis and pneumonia, as well as the rheumatic and gonorrhea diseases, and infections of the urinary tract. However, in 1929 the the bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovered the first real antibiotic, penicillin, heralding a new era of medical science. … Read more
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