What are Bt Crops? Bt crops are the transgenic crops in which a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced into the plant. It is the gene that produces special insecticidal proteins inside the plant body and these proteins are referred to as Cry or Vip proteins. When insect larvae feed on the … Read more
What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is the application of biological organisms, cells or their components in order to produce useful products. It is the branch of science where biology is combined with technology for human benefit. In this process living organisms are used to develop or modify products and improve different biological systems. The term biotechnology … Read more
What is Bombardment (Biolistics) Method? Bombardment (Biolistics) method is a direct physical technique used to introduce foreign DNA into living cells. It is also referred to as the gene gun method. In this process, the desired DNA is first coated on very small and dense metal particles such as gold or tungsten. These DNA coated … Read more
What is the Electrofusion of Plant Cells? Electrofusion is a technique used for the fusion of two or more plant cells by the application of an electric field. It is commonly used for the fusion of plant protoplasts in plant biotechnology. In this method the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are temporarily disturbed and the … Read more
The fungi are classified based on the characteristics of the sexual spores and fruiting bodies present during the sexual stages of their life cycles. Therefore, based on characteristics of their sexual stages and morphology of their asexual spores and thalli they are classified into different groups.
Cambridge O Level Biology Syllabus 2026–2028 with all 19 topics, subtopics and course content for Biology 5090, organised for easy study and revision.
The Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT) is an indirect microbiological quality assessment method used for testing milk. It is based on the reduction of methylene blue dye due to the metabolic activity of bacteria present in milk. The blue colour disappears when the dye is reduced. Milk containing higher bacterial activity generally takes less time … Read more
The Butyrate Disk Test is a rapid biochemical test used in microbiology laboratory for the detection of enzyme butyrate esterase in bacteria. It is mainly used for the presumptive identification of Moraxella catarrhalis, which is an important human pathogen associated with respiratory tract infections. It is useful because this organism shows morphological similarity with Neisseria … Read more
The DNase test is a differential biochemical test which is used to detect the ability of microorganism to produce an extracellular enzyme called deoxyribonuclease (DNase). It is the process where polymerized DNA present in the medium is hydrolyzed into smaller nucleotide fragments by the action of this enzyme. These degraded products can be absorbed by … Read more
It is a biochemical test used for the identification and differentiation of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria. It is mainly applied for the confirmation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This test is based on the ability of the organism to utilize acetamide as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The test medium contains acetamide and a pH indicator … Read more
