Cambridge O Level Biology is an internationally recognised school-level biology course and exam offered by Cambridge International for students usually aged 14 to 16. It helps students understand the basic concepts of biology, such as cells, plants and animals, human body systems, genetics, and the environment. The course also teaches practical skills through experiments and … Read more
The AP Biology exam is a college-level biology test that is conducted by the College Board, and it is usually taken by high-school students who want to show that they have strong understanding in biology. It is the process where different parts of biology like molecules and cells, organisms, and ecosystems are studied, and the … Read more
It is a rapid and simple test used for the determination of microbiological quality of milk. It is commonly employed in dairy laboratories to estimate the bacterial load present in milk samples. The test is based on the principle that actively growing bacteria utilize dissolved oxygen during their metabolic activities. Due to this oxygen consumption … Read more
The Butyrate Disk Test is a rapid biochemical test used in microbiology laboratory for the detection of enzyme butyrate esterase in bacteria. It is mainly used for the presumptive identification of Moraxella catarrhalis, which is an important human pathogen associated with respiratory tract infections. It is useful because this organism shows morphological similarity with Neisseria … Read more
The DNase test is a differential biochemical test which is used to detect the ability of microorganism to produce an extracellular enzyme called deoxyribonuclease (DNase). It is the process where polymerized DNA present in the medium is hydrolyzed into smaller nucleotide fragments by the action of this enzyme. These degraded products can be absorbed by … Read more
It is a biochemical test used for the identification and differentiation of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria. It is mainly applied for the confirmation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This test is based on the ability of the organism to utilize acetamide as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The test medium contains acetamide and a pH indicator … Read more
The Casein Hydrolysis Test is a biochemical test that is used to determine the ability of microorganism to produce and secrete extracellular proteolytic enzyme known as caseinase. It is the process in which casein protein of milk is broken down into smaller soluble products. Casein is the main protein present in milk and it is … Read more
Gram-Sure Test is a rapid qualitative diagnostic test used for the differentiation of aerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is mainly applied for bacteria that are rods or coccobacilli in shape. This test works by detecting the presence of a specific enzyme known as L-alanine aminopeptidase. This enzyme is present almost exclusively in Gram-negative bacterial … Read more
It is a biochemical test used in microbiology for the identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae from other alpha hemolytic streptococci. It is mainly based on the ability of pneumococcal cells to undergo lysis in presence of bile salts. This test is commonly performed in diagnostic laboratories for confirmation of pneumococcal isolates. It is the process in … Read more
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an enzyme used to distinguish catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci of Aerococcus and Leuconostoc (LAP test negative) from other organisms in the group, such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, and Pediococcus (almost always positive).
