Avatar for Sourav Pan

Sourav Pan

Founder of Biology Notes Online, Biology & Microbiology Educator, M.Sc. in Microbiology
Expertise
Microbiology, Immunology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology
Education
University of Calcutta
Profile Last Updated: August 10, 2026

Sourav Pan is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and an M.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of Calcutta. He creates educational resources covering microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, botany, zoology, and other life-science subjects.

His goal is to make complex biological concepts easier to understand through well-structured, student-friendly articles based on academic textbooks, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative scientific sources. In addition to writing new content, he regularly reviews and updates articles to improve their accuracy, clarity, and educational value.

Lipid Hydrolysis Test – Principle, Procedure, Result

Lipid Hydrolysis Test Principle, Procedure, Result

It is a biochemical test that is used to determine the ability of microorganism to produce and secrete the enzyme lipase. It is also referred to as lipase test. The complex lipids such as triglycerides are large molecules and these cannot pass through the bacterial cell membrane. Due to this reason some bacteria releases the … Read more

Replicative Transposition of DNA Transposons and Retrotransposons

Replicative Transposition of DNA Transposons and Retrotransposons

What is replicative transposition?  Replicative transposition is a type of transposition in which the transposable element is duplicated during its movement from one site to another. It is the process where the original transposable element remains at the donor site and a new copy is inserted into the target DNA. This is referred to as … Read more

Cyclops – Habitat, Morphology, Life Cycle, Control, Importance

Cyclops

What is Cyclops? Cyclops is a genus of small freshwater crustaceans which belongs to the subclass Copepoda. It is commonly referred to as water flea due to its small size and free swimming nature. It is named after the one-eyed giants of Greek mythology as a single median eye is present at the centre of … Read more

Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Method

Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Method

Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Method is a qualitative immunological technique that is used to study antigen–antibody reaction in vitro. It is the process in which both antigen and antibody are allowed to diffuse freely in a semi-solid medium usually agar or agarose gel. This method was developed by Örjan Ouchterlony and it is commonly used for … Read more

Mumps Virus – Definition, Replication, Structure, Genome, Pathogenesis

Mumps Virus - Definition, Replication, Structure, Genome, Pathogenesis

Mumps virus (MuV) is the causative agent of the acute infectious disease known as mumps. It is scientifically classified as Orthorubulavirus parotitidis and belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. It is an enveloped virus having single-stranded negative sense RNA genome and the viral particle is pleomorphic in nature with size ranging from about 100–600 nm. Humans … Read more

Arneth Count for Neutrophils – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

Arneth Count for Neutrophils: Principle, Procedure and Clinical Significance

The Arneth count is a hematological method used for the classification of neutrophils based on the number of lobes present in the nucleus. It is the process in which neutrophils are grouped into different classes according to nuclear segmentation and this helps in understanding the age and functional status of the cells. In this method … Read more

BOD Incubator – Principle, Parts, Procedure, Application

BOD Incubator - Definition, Principle, Components, Procedure, Application

A BOD incubator is a laboratory instrument that is used for maintaining a controlled temperature environment required for the estimation of Biochemical Oxygen Demand of water samples. It is designed to operate both at heating and cooling conditions which is different from ordinary incubators. It is mainly adjusted at a fixed temperature of 20°C which … Read more

Lipase Test – Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses

Lipase Test Principle, Procedure, results

A lipase test is a laboratory diagnostic test which is done to measure the level of lipase enzyme in the blood. Lipase is a digestive enzyme which is mainly produced by pancreas and it helps in digestion of fats. It is the process in which dietary triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol … Read more