What is Immunofluorescence Assay? Definition of Immunofluorescence Assay Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins or antigens in biological samples by using antibodies labeled with fluorescent molecules, allowing visualization under a fluorescence microscope. Requirements of Immunofluorescence Assay Objective of Immunofluorescence Assay Principle of Immunofluorescence General Steps of Immunofluorescence Assay Types of Immunofluorescence … Read more
What are Antiviral Drugs? Antiviral drugs represent a category of therapeutic agents specifically designed to counteract viral infections. Viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites, are a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, animals, and plants. Their pathogenicity ranges from self-limiting conditions to severe, life-threatening diseases. Unlike other microorganisms, viruses are devoid of the … Read more
What is Autoimmune Disease? Signs and symptoms of Autoimmune Disease The signs and symptoms of autoimmune diseases can vary depending on the specific type of disease and the affected body part. While some autoimmune diseases may share similar symptoms, others have distinct manifestations. It is also possible for an individual to have multiple autoimmune diseases … Read more
What is Coomb’s Test? Objectives of Coomb’s Test The objectives of Coomb’s test are to detect red blood cells that are sensitized with IgG alloantibodies, IgG autoantibodies, or complement components. This helps in determining blood group compatibility for transfusions, diagnosing autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and identifying immune-mediated reactions and conditions such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Overall, the … Read more
What is Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test? Principle of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test The VDRL test operates on the principle of detecting antibodies that are produced in response to antigens released by damaged host cells in individuals with syphilis. This test utilizes a specific antigen known as VDRL antigen, which consists of … Read more
What is Innate Immunity ? Definition of Innate Immunity Innate immunity refers to the body’s natural, non-specific defense mechanisms that provide an immediate response to invading pathogens without prior exposure. It serves as the first line of defense against infections and is present from birth. Features of Innate immunity Innate immunity possesses distinctive features that contribute … Read more
Antigen Processing and Presentation Types of Antigen Processing and Presenting Pathway Endogenous Antigens: Cytosolic Pathway 1. Peptides for Presentation Are Generated by Protease Complexes Called Proteasomes 2. Peptides Are Transported from the Cytosol to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Peptides Assemble with Class I MHC Aided by Chaperone Molecules Exogenous Antigens: Endocytic Pathway 1. Peptides … Read more
What are Superantigens (SAgs)? Superantigens (SAgs) are a type of antigens that stimulate the immune system excessively. It specifically results in non-specific T-cell activation, polyclonal T-cell activation, and large cytokine release. Features of Superantigens (SAgs) Classification of Superantigens (SAgs) The superantigens can be grouped generally into the subsequent families: Structure of Superantigens (SAgs) Examples of … Read more
Thymus-Independent Antigens (T Independent Antigen) Properties of Thymus-Independent Antigens (T Independent Antigen) Thymus-Dependent Antigens (T Dependent Antigen) Properties of Thymus-Dependent Antigens (T Dependent Antigen) Main steps during B-cell activation by a thymus-dependent antigen This CD40/CD40L interaction is crucial for B-cell survival, development of germinal centres, production of memory-cell populations, and somatic hypermutation (for affinity maturation). … Read more
What is Precipitation Reaction? Precipitation Reaction Definition Precipitation reaction refers to a chemical reaction in which two soluble substances react to form an insoluble solid compound, known as a precipitate. This reaction occurs when two aqueous solutions containing ions combine, resulting in the formation of an insoluble product that settles out of the solution as … Read more
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