Lactic acid is manufactured commercially by both synthetic and fermentation processes. It is made synthetically in Japan and the United States. European manufacturers, on the other hand, make lactic acid by fermentation. European producers account for between 28,000 and 30,000 tonnes per year of the world’s estimated lactic acid production capacity. Pharmaceutical industries (e.g. iron … Read more
Photo bioreactor is an innovative type of reactor that has the advantages of biofilm reactors and photobioreactors that can be utilized to cultivate microalgae in wastewater treatment facilities (WWTPs). The major benefit of this type of system is its capacity to use sunlight as a source of energy for photosynthesis, which reduces the requirement for carbon from external sources.
Sources of industrially significant microorganisms and methods for isolating, preserving, and maintaining them, as well as strain improvement, A production strain is the most crucial factor for the success of any fermentation enterprise. Utilizing a producing strain with the following four traits is extremely desirable: 1. Screening Techniques Screening refers to the detection and isolation … Read more
Bioprocess engineering involves the design of, operation, management, and optimizing biochemical processes that involve different biological pathways, or reactions that are mediated through living cells from plants, animals and microorganisms as well as enzymes in controlled conditions to facilitate the efficient biotransformation process of raw materials into a variety of goods at the appropriate scale.
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are highly host-adapted viruses that can cause a variety of diseases in human hosts. (a) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and (b) herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are the two forms of HSVs (HSV-2). Both types share DNA homology, antigenic determinants, tissue tropism, and illness symptoms, but their epidemiology … Read more
What is Influenza Virus? Classification of Influenza Virus Influenza viruses are often classified into three species: influenza A, influenza B, and influenza C. Only types A and B are relevant to human health. Despite the fact that both viruses are capable of infecting humans, genus A often causes widespread disease and epidemics. Influenza A Virus … Read more
Polio Virus Structure of Polio Virus In summary, the poliovirus is a small, simple virus that contains a naked RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell. The capsid is composed of four structural proteins that form the basic building blocks of the capsid. The virus does not have a lipid envelope and is insensitive to … Read more
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Structure of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Genome of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Transmission of disease Replication of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Signs and symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection that can cause inflammation of the brain. Symptoms of JE virus infection can range from mild … Read more
Varicella zoster virus Varicella, also known as chickenpox, is an infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The virus causes chickenpox (typically primary infection in non-immune hosts) and herpes zoster or shingles (after reactivation of latent infection). Chickenpox causes a rash consisting of small, itchy lesions that scab over. It begins on the chest, … Read more
Coronavirus Characteristics of COVID-19 Structure of Coronavirus Genome of Coronavirus Epidemiology of Coronavirus The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The virus was identified for the first time in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, resulting in a pandemic. Here are some essential aspects of the epidemiology of COVID-19: Replication of Coronavirus … Read more
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