9 min read 
What is Intron? Origin of Introns Types of Introns Group I introns, Group II introns, Nuclear pre-mRNA introns, and Transfer RNA itrons are the four types of introns. 1. Group I introns 2. Group II Introns 3. Spliceosomal introns/Nuclear pre-mRNA Introns 4. Transfer RNA introns Intron Structure Intron Function Splicing Steps of Splicing Splicing occurs … Read more
16 min read 
What is Spliceosome? Properties of Spliceosome Structure and composition of Spliceosome Components of Spliceosome In addition to the pre-mRNA, spliceosomes include many other RNAs and proteins. Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs, pronounced “snurps”) are a type of RNA-protein complex that includes a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) bound to a protein. Gel electrophoresis enables the snRNAs to … Read more
11 min read 
What is 5′ capping? The unique cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA is composed of 7-methylguanosine residues connected by a 5′-5′ triphosphate bridge. Structure of 5′ cap 5’ Capping process The starting point for capping with 7-methylguanylate is the unmodified, triphosphate-terminated 5′ end of an RNA molecule. Following the last nucleotide are three phosphate groups connected … Read more
5 min read 
What is Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA)? Properties of hnRNA Processing of hnRNA During processing, the hnRNA undergoes the following chemical modifications: 1. Packaging of hnRNA with protein 2. Polyadenylation or Poly (A) tail formation 3. RNA splicing 4. 5′ Capping Mature mRNA One central coding segment, two untranslated segments, one on either side of the … Read more
13 min read 
What is shRNA (Short-hairpin RNA)? The shRNA is our short hairpin RNA, which is shorter, artificially manufactured, double-stranded ribonucleic acid that can be used in gene silencing investigations. What is RNA Interference? This mechanism inhibits genes through the targeting of messenger RNA molecules. mRNA is degraded, blocking protein synthesis and transcription. This is accomplished by … Read more
4 min read 
What is Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)? Types of Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) The snRNAs can be divided into two classes on the basis of common sequence features and protein cofactors. 1. Sm-class RNAS 2. Lsm-class RNAs Structure of snRNA Steps of snRNA gene transcription phosphorylation of the CTD of Pol II during snRNA gene transcription. … Read more
8 min read 
What is Enhancer RNA? Enhancer RNAs Detection Functions of enhancer RNAs Biogenesis of Enhancer RNAs 1D eRNAs 2D eRNAs Enhancer RNAs in disease Enhancer RNA and inflammation Enhancer RNA and neurodegenerative disorders Enhancer RNA and cancer Enhancer RNA in diabetes Mechanisms of Enhancer RNAs Transcriptional Noise Transcription-dependent effects Functional activity in cis Functional activity in … Read more
12 min read 
What is Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)? History Properties of tmRNA tmRNA Structure tmRNA contain the following domains; tRNA-Mimic Domain Pseudoknots mRNA-Mimic Domain Protein Partners tmRNA Function ― Trans-Translation Trans-translation of tmRNA activity Steps Regulation of tmRNA activity Facts References
5 min read 
RNA Interference Definition RNA interference is the process by which RNA molecules suppress gene expression by neutralising the targeted messenger RNA molecules. RNA Interference Mechanism The RNA interference mechanism can be explained in the following steps: Why RNAi as a genetic tool? RNA Interference Applications References
19 min read 
What are Ribozymes (RNA enzymes)? Structure and mechanism of Ribozymes Splicing pathways of group I and II introns and the spliceosome Group I Group II Types of Ribozymes There are the different types of ribozymes such as; 1. RNase P ribozyme 2. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme 3. Hammerhead Ribozyme 4. Hairpin Ribozyme 5. Group … Read more