15 min read 
What is Cell Wall? Definition of Cell Wall A cell wall is a rigid, protective layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plants, fungi, algae, and some prokaryotes, providing structural support, shape, and protection. Bacterial Cell Wall Types Based on the result of gram staining it is stated that there are two types of cell … Read more
11 min read 
In the early 20th century there was no treatment to treat infections caused by bacteria. This included tuberculosis and pneumonia, as well as the rheumatic and gonorrhea diseases, and infections of the urinary tract. However, in 1929 the the bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovered the first real antibiotic, penicillin, heralding a new era of medical science. … Read more
11 min read 
What are Cell wall synthesis inhibitors? Cell wall synthesis inhibitors encompass antibiotics like β-lactams and glycopeptides. These antibiotics play a crucial role in treating infections by targeting the bacterial cell wall, an essential structure for bacterial survival. Understanding the mechanisms and types of these inhibitors provides insight into their therapeutic applications. β-Lactam Antibiotics β-lactam antibiotics … Read more
12 min read 
What is Karyotyping? Karyotyping: What’s the Deal? Definition of Karyotyping Karyotyping is a diagnostic technique that examines an individual’s chromosomes to identify genetic abnormalities, structural changes, and chromosome number variations. What is a karyotype? Karyotyping Procedure/Steps of Karyotyping Staining and banding Staining and Banding techniques used in karyotyping: Applications of Karyotyping Medical Genetics: Prenatal Diagnostics: … Read more
10 min read 
What is DNA Library (Genomic, cDNA)? Types of DNA Library There are two main types of DNA libraries: genomic libraries, and cDNA libraries. 1. Genomic Library 2. cDNA Library Genomic Library Construction Steps Genomic Library Construction Steps Creating a cDNA library begins with mRNA, which carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. … Read more
16 min read 
What is The Wobble Hypothesis? The Wobble Hypothesis, proposed by Francis Crick in 1966, provides an explanation for the degeneracy of the genetic code. Degeneracy refers to the fact that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. According to the Wobble Hypothesis, the precise pairing between the bases of the codon and the … Read more
12 min read 
What is Emulsion PCR? Principle of Emulsion PCR Emulsion PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a sophisticated technique designed to amplify individual DNA templates in a high-throughput manner by partitioning the DNA into tiny water-in-oil droplets. Each droplet serves as an independent microreactor, allowing for the separate amplification of distinct DNA fragments. This method leverages the … Read more
0 revisions 16 min read 
What is Omega-3 Fatty Acid? Definition of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by a double bond three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure, crucial for human health, found in plants (as α-linolenic acid, ALA) and marine sources like algae and fish (as … Read more
0 revisions 25 min read 
The Emergence of Microbiology: Uncovering Microbes Microbiology, the study of microscopic living organisms, is a relatively recent scientific field that has significantly advanced our understanding of biology and disease. The foundation of microbiology can be traced back to the mid-19th century, during a period of considerable growth and development in the biological sciences. Key Developments … Read more
9 min read 
What is Bacterial Growth Curve? The bacterial growth curve is a graphical representation of the growth of a population of bacteria in a closed system over time. It typically consists of four phases: The shape and duration of each phase can vary depending on the bacterial species, the nutrients available, and other environmental factors. Understanding … Read more