What is glycolysis? Definition of glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic process in which glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is broken down into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules. This anaerobic pathway occurs in the cytosol and is a key step in cellular energy production. Major Features of … Read more
What is the Electron Transport Chain? Electron transport chain Definition The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and molecules located in membranes, where electrons are transferred through redox reactions to generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Electron Transport Chain Animation Video Fundamentals of the Electron Transport Chain … Read more
What Is Bacterial Transformation? Bacterial Transformation Definition Bacterial transformation is the process by which a bacterium takes up free DNA from its environment and incorporates it into its genome, potentially expressing new traits. Principle of Bacterial Transformation Types of Bacterial Transformation Bacterial transformation can occur naturally or be induced artificially. Both forms allow bacteria to … Read more
What is Bacterial Conjugation? Bacterial Conjugation Definition Bacterial conjugation is a process of genetic exchange where DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell through direct contact, typically mediated by a pilus. It is a key mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, often involving plasmids, and contributes to genetic diversity and the spread … Read more
Transduction refers to the transfer of a part of DNA between two bacteriums via a bacteriaophage.
Transduction is mediated by viruses.
What is DNA Replication? Definition of DNA Replication DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell duplicates its DNA molecule, producing two identical copies from one original DNA strand, ensuring the transmission of genetic information during cell division. DNA Replication Enzymes and Proteins DNA replication is a fundamental biological process, relying on various … Read more
What are Nostoc? Classification of Nostoc Nostoc belongs to the group of cyanobacteria, which are known for their ability to photosynthesize and fix nitrogen. The classification of Nostoc follows a systematic hierarchy that categorizes it at different taxonomic levels. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Class: Cyanophyceae Order: Nostocales Family: Nostocaceae Genus: Nostoc Definition of Nostoc Nostoc … Read more
What are Viruses? Origins of Viruses Viruses have likely existed since the earliest life forms and have evolved alongside cellular organisms. Due to their lack of fossil records, the origins of viruses remain unclear, and scientists use molecular biology techniques to explore their evolutionary history. Three primary hypotheses attempt to explain how viruses may have … Read more
What are bacteria? Definition of Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in diverse environments, and essential for ecological processes, industrial applications, and human health. Origin and Early Evolution of Bacteria Bacteria represent some of the earliest life forms on Earth, with origins dating back approximately 4 billion … Read more
The fungi are classified based on the characteristics of the sexual spores and fruiting bodies present during the sexual stages of their life cycles. Therefore, based on characteristics of their sexual stages and morphology of their asexual spores and thalli they are classified into different groups.
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