Cell Biology

Learn lysosome definition, structure, enzymes, formation, types and functions, including autophagy, plant-cell equivalents and lysosomal storage diseases.

Learn what an endospore is, its structure, formation, types, resistance, germination, staining, examples and importance in medicine and food safety.

Exocytosis is the vesicle-mediated release of materials from cells. Learn its steps, types, molecular mechanism, functions, examples and differences from endocytosis.

Metaphase is the stage of mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes align at the cell equator. Learn its events, checkpoint, types, diagram and significance.

Learn what cytoplasm is, where it is found, its main components and functions, and how it differs from cytosol, protoplasm and nucleoplasm.

Learn the structure of a plant cell, its organelles and functions, labeled diagram, specialized cell types, and differences from animal cells.

Stroma, as a term in botany, refers to the transparent fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast. In the stroma, there are the grana (stacks of the thylakoid) and sub-organelles, or daughter cells in which photosynthesis begins prior to the chemical reactions being completed within the stroma.

Membrane carbohydrates are glycans attached to proteins and lipids. Learn their structure, types, location, glycocalyx, functions, synthesis and examples.