Avatar for Sourav Pan

Sourav Pan

Founder of Biology Notes Online, Biology & Microbiology Educator, M.Sc. in Microbiology
Expertise
Microbiology, Immunology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology
Education
University of Calcutta
Profile Last Updated: August 10, 2026

Sourav Pan is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and an M.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of Calcutta. He creates educational resources covering microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, botany, zoology, and other life-science subjects.

His goal is to make complex biological concepts easier to understand through well-structured, student-friendly articles based on academic textbooks, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative scientific sources. In addition to writing new content, he regularly reviews and updates articles to improve their accuracy, clarity, and educational value.

How do you access gene sequences from NCBI? – Step by Step Process

Step by Step Process to retrieve gene sequences from NCBI

Curious about how to get gene sequences from NCBI? Whether you’re a student, researcher, or just a genetics enthusiast, NCBI is an amazing resource for all things genetic. It can be a bit overwhelming at first, but don’t worry—I’m here to guide you through the whole process. In this easy-to-follow, step-by-step guide, we’ll walk you … Read more

NCBI Database and Tools – National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

NCBI Database and Tools - National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is a part of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which is itself a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It provides access to a wealth of information in the fields of biotechnology and biomedicine. Some key resources offered by NCBI include: NCBI’s resources are widely … Read more

Databases in Bioinformatics – Types, Functions, Examples, Tools

Bioinformatics Databases, Software, and Tools

What is Bioinformatics? Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary discipline that analyses and interprets biological data by combining biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. It involves the creation and application of computational tools, algorithms, and databases for storing, retrieving, managing, and analysing biological data. Bioinformatics is essential for organising, analysing, and deriving meaningful insights from enormous quantities … Read more

Bioinformatics – Definition, Introduction, Purpose, Applications

Bioinformatics - Definition, Introduction, Purpose, Applications

What is Bioinformatics? Definition of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and mathematics to store, analyze, and interpret large-scale biological data, such as DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, through the development of computational tools and algorithms. History of Bioinformatics Aim of Bioinformatics The primary goals of bioinformatics are outlined as … Read more

Role of Ethnobotany In Modern Medicine

Role of Ethnobotany In Modern Medicine

In this article you will. learn about Medico-ethnobotanical sources in India;Significance of the following plants in ethnobotanical practices (along with their habitat and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b) Ocimum sanctum c) Vitex negundo. d) Gloriosa superba e) Tribulus terrestris f) Pongamia pinnata g) Cassia auriculata h) Indigofera tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine with … Read more

Methods of Research In Ethnobotany

Methods of Research In Ethnobotany

Ethnobotany is a specialized field of biology dedicated to understanding the intricate relationships between human societies and plants. This discipline focuses on the knowledge and practices of indigenous and rural communities concerning plant use, encompassing their medicinal, nutritional, and cultural significance. By delving into these interactions, ethnobotany aims to uncover valuable plant-based resources that can … Read more

Ethnobotany – Introduction, Concept, Scope and Objectives

Ethnobotany - Introduction, Concept, Scope and Objectives

What is Ethnobotany? Definition of Ethnobotany Ethnobotany is the scientific study of how people from different cultures use and interact with plants for purposes such as food, medicine, and rituals. It examines both traditional knowledge and cultural practices related to plants. History of Ethnobotany Concept of Ethnobotany Scope of Ethnobotany Ethnobotany in India Ethnobotany in … Read more

Freeze Fracture Technique – Principle, Protocol, Applications

Freeze Fracture Technique - Principle, Protocol, Applications

What is Freeze Fracture Technique? Principle of Freeze Fracture Technique The principle of the freeze-fracture technique is based on the physical separation of biological membranes at their hydrophobic core when the sample is frozen and then fractured. Here are the key aspects of this principle: Overall, the freeze-fracture technique provides valuable insights into the functional … Read more

Polyploidy in Plant Breeding

Polyploidy in Plant Breeding

Polyploidy plays a pivotal role in plant breeding, especially in enhancing the genetic diversity and adaptability of crops. Polyploidy refers to the condition in which a plant has more than two complete sets of chromosomes, a state that naturally occurs due to irregularities in mitotic or meiotic divisions. These irregularities can lead to an increase … Read more

Distant Hybridization – Definition, Objectives, Barriers, Techniques, Limitations

Schematic diagram of the distant hybridization breeding system between AA and BB genome species concerned

What is Distant Hybridization (Wide hybridization)? Definition of Distant Hybridization Distant hybridization, or wide hybridization, refers to the crossing of individuals from different species or genera that are more distantly related than varieties within the same species, aiming to introduce novel traits and increase genetic diversity. History of Distant Hybridization Objectives of Distant Hybridization Barriers … Read more