Because the body is complex, energy is required to ensure proper functioning. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy source for use and storage at cellular level. ATP’s structure is a nucleoside triophosphate. It consists of a ribose glucose, a nitrogenous base (adenine) and three serially bonded phosphate group. ATP is often referred to by … Read more
What is Protein Purification? Protein Purification Methods Creating a Crude Protein Extract – Extraction Precipitation and Differential Solubilisation – Concentration of crude extract Ammonium sulfate precipitation Fractional precipitation with acetone Ultracentrifugation Sucrose gradient centrifugation Chromatographic Methods Different chromatographic methods 1. Size Exclusion Chromatography 2. Ion Exchange Chromatography 3. Affinity Chromatography 4. Metal Binding 5. Immunoaffinity … Read more
The chemical energy stored in molecules can be released as heat in chemical reactions that occur when the fuel methane, coal or cooking gas burns in the air. Chemical energy could also be utilized to carry out mechanical work when fuel is burned in an engine or to generate electric energy via an electrolytic cell … Read more
What is Pentose Phosphate Pathway? Pentose Phosphate Pathway Definition The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. It plays a crucial role in both cellular biosynthesis and the defense against oxidative stress. Location of Pentose Phosphate Pathway … Read more
Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an alternative pathway of Glycolysis. This pathway is found in Gram-negative bacteria, certain Gram-positive bacteria, and archaea. Entner–Doudoroff pathway Definition Entner–Doudoroff pathway containing Organisms Some example of bacteria those contain Entner–Doudoroff pathway are Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Xanthomonas campestris, Zymomonas mobilis, Enterococcus faecalis. This pathway also found in … Read more
Glyoxylate cycle Definition Glyoxylate cycle Steps Glyoxylate cycle functions The conversation of dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids in germinating seeds occurs in three compartments such as mitochondria, glyoxysomes, and cytosol. During the conversation, the oxaloacetate from the TCA cycle (mitochondria) enters into the glyoxysomes in the form of aspartate. After that, the aspartate converted into oxaloacetate … Read more
Mitochondrial transporter The mitochondria contain different types of transporter proteins within the intermembrane. These transporters transfers ADP, Pi, and H atom(Substrate) from Inter membrane space to matrix and ATP (Product) from matrix to inner membrane space. There are presently three transporter protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane such as; Adenine Nucleotide Translocase It is an … Read more
Post-glycolysis processes Glycolysis is a process that involves: Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP Glycolysis could not continue indefinitely if all NAD+ was used up and glycolysis would cease. Organisms must be capable of oxidizing NADH back into NAD+ … Read more
Glycolysis is the primary stage in the process of breaking down glucose in order to obtain energy to power the cell’s metabolism. The majority of living organisms perform glycolysis as a part in their metabolic process. This process does not require oxygen, which is why it is considered anaerobic. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasms of … Read more
What is Control Group? Definition of Control Group A control group is a set of subjects in a scientific experiment who do not receive the treatment or intervention being studied, serving as a benchmark for comparison against the treatment group to determine the effect of the variable under investigation. Importance of Control Group The control … Read more
