Primary consumers are fundamental components of ecological food chains, holding a critical position as the link between producers and higher trophic levels. In essence, they are organisms that feed directly on primary producers, typically plants or algae, which are capable of photosynthesis. Occupying the second trophic level, primary consumers are mostly herbivores, although some omnivorous … Read more
What are Secondary Consumers? Definition of Secondary Consumers Secondary consumers are organisms that primarily feed on primary consumers, which are herbivores, in a food chain. They occupy the third trophic level and can be either carnivores, who eat only other animals, or omnivores, who consume both animal and plant matter. Their role is vital in … Read more
What is Soil Biology? What is Soil? Components of Soil The components of soil exhibit variations in their ratios across different locations due to various soil-forming factors, climate, topology, the presence of organisms, human influences, and the duration of their interaction. These components can be broadly categorized into four main groups: The relative proportions and … Read more
What is Eutrophication? Definition of Eutrophication Eutrophication is the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the excessive growth of algae and plankton. This often results in the deterioration of water quality, depletion of oxygen, and ecological imbalances in the affected ecosystem. Causes of Eutrophication – What causes eutrophication? … Read more
What is Nitrogen Cycle? Nitrogen Cycle Definition The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process that transforms atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for living organisms and then returns it to the atmosphere through a series of biological and chemical reactions. Stages of Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification are the steps in the … Read more
Types of Microorganisms In Pond Water 1. Arthropods 2. Bacteria 3. Protozoa 4. Hydra 5. Algae Algae are autotrophic protists commonly found in pond water. They exhibit a wide range of colors, with most microorganisms being green, while some may appear yellowish-brown. The diversity of algae extends to their structure, where they can exist as … Read more
What is Biotic Factor? A biotic factor is a living component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem. These can be animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. They relate to the living things in an ecosystem and are essential for the survival and growth of organisms within their environment. Biotic factors determine the types and … Read more
What is Biodegradation? Definition of Biodegradation Biodegradation is the natural process by which microorganisms break down organic matter into simpler substances, such as carbon dioxide, water, and minerals. Examples of Some biodegradable pollutants Biodegradable pollutants encompass a range of highly toxic synthetic compounds that have been introduced into the environment over time. Some examples of … Read more
What is Denitrification? The nitrogen cycle concludes with denitrification. The nitrogen cycle consists of living organisms fixing atmospheric nitrogen and then releasing it back into the atmosphere. Denitrification is the process of releasing nitrogen from living organisms into the atmosphere. Denitrification Process Denitrification is the last step in the nitrogen cycle. It is a naturally … Read more
Host Pathogen Interaction What is Infection? Types of Infection Infectious agents (pathogens) that cause infections include: What is Invasion? A Survey of Bacterial Invasins Spreading Factors Enzymes that Cause Hemolysis and/or Leucolysis Typically, these enzymes act on the animal cell membrane by inserting into it (creating a pore that leads to cell lysis) or by … Read more
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