Flow cytometry is a laser based analytical technique used to measure physical and chemical characters of cells or particles present in a fluid. In this method, cells pass one by one through a laser beam. The scattered light and fluorescence signals are detected and analysed. Flow cytometry is a laser based technique. It is used
Tumor is also called neoplasm. It is an abnormal solid mass of tissue. It is formed when cells multiply in uncontrolled way or when cells do not die at proper time. Tumor is different from cyst. Cyst is usually filled with fluid or air. But tumor is a solid growth. It has no useful function
Immunotherapy for tumors is a treatment method where the body immune system is used to act against cancer cells. It helps immune cells to identify and kill tumor cells. It is not like chemotherapy, because chemotherapy directly attacks dividing cells. In immunotherapy, immune response is increased or trained against cancer antigen. The main target is
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited primary immunodeficiency disease. It affects the phagocytic cells mainly neutrophils and macrophages. These cells are normally used to kill the invading bacteria and fungi. It is caused due to mutation in genes which are related with NADPH oxidase enzyme complex. Due to defect in this enzyme complex,
Immunodeficiency is a condition in which the immune system becomes weak or defective. It may occur due to defect in lymphocytes, phagocytes or complement system. In this condition, the body becomes more susceptible to infections. Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system becomes fully or partly impaired. It occurs due to defect, failure
Hypersensitivity is an abnormal immune reaction of the body. It is an exaggerated response against an antigen. This reaction causes tissue damage and different physiological disturbances in the body. Normally immune system protects the body from harmful substances. But in hypersensitivity, the same immune system reacts in harmful way. It may react against harmless substances
Cytotoxic T cells are special type of white blood cells present in the adaptive immune system. These cells are commonly called CD8⁺ T cells. They are mainly used to destroy the body cells which are infected by virus, intracellular pathogens or changed into cancerous cells. Cytotoxic T cells continuously move in the body and check
Cell mediated immune response is a type of adaptive immune response in which T lymphocytes directly react against the foreign antigen. It does not mainly depend on circulating antibody. It is mostly active against intracellular pathogens, infected cells and some abnormal cells. This immune response is mainly carried out by cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺) and
Immunological tolerance is a state of specific unresponsiveness of the immune system against a particular antigen. In this condition, the immune system does not produce destructive reaction against that antigen. It is a normal protective mechanism of the body. It helps the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self substances. The immune system can
Transmission of diseases is defined as the process by which an infectious agent is transferred from its natural habitat (reservoir) to a new susceptible host. It is the movement of pathogens from one individual to another or from environment to human. This process is an essential part of the chain of infection. Without transmission the
