Cilia and Flagella – Structure, Functions, Differences & Examples
Learn about cilia and flagella, including their axoneme structure, 9+2 arrangement, basal bodies, movement, functions, types, examples and differences.
Microbiology Notes
Golgi Apparatus – Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle that modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids. Learn its structure, functions, cis-trans faces and diagram.
Lysosomes – Definition, Structure, Functions, Enzymes, Types and Formation
Learn lysosome definition, structure, enzymes, formation, types and functions, including autophagy, plant-cell equivalents and lysosomal storage diseases.
Endospore – Structure, Sporulation, Germination and Examples
Learn what an endospore is, its structure, formation, types, resistance, germination, staining, examples and importance in medicine and food safety.
Exocytosis – Definition, Steps, Types, Functions and Examples
Exocytosis is the vesicle-mediated release of materials from cells. Learn its steps, types, molecular mechanism, functions, examples and differences from endocytosis.
Metaphase – Definition, Stages, Applications
Metaphase is the stage of mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes align at the cell equator. Learn its events, checkpoint, types, diagram and significance.
Cytoplasm – Definition, Structure, Components and Functions
Learn what cytoplasm is, where it is found, its main components and functions, and how it differs from cytosol, protoplasm and nucleoplasm.
Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Organelles and Functions
Learn the structure of a plant cell, its organelles and functions, labeled diagram, specialized cell types, and differences from animal cells.
Stroma in chloroplast and Stroma in Animal Tissue
Stroma, as a term in botany, refers to the transparent fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast. In the stroma, there are the grana (stacks of the thylakoid) and sub-organelles, or daughter cells in which photosynthesis begins prior to the chemical reactions being completed within the stroma.
Membrane Carbohydrates – Structure, Types, Location and Functions
Membrane carbohydrates are glycans attached to proteins and lipids. Learn their structure, types, location, glycocalyx, functions, synthesis and examples.