22 min read 
What is Rickettsia? Small-sized intracellular bacteria with a 0.3 to 2 µm range make up the genus Rickettsia. Rickettsia’s tiny scale made it first confused as a virus. Having DNA and RNA as their genetic material, these bacteria reproduce via binary fission within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Gram-negative rickettsia bacteria abound in the digestive … Read more
16 min read 
What is Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)? An illness affecting a portion of the urinary tract—that which comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethral—is known as a urinary tract infection (UTI). Following are some salient features of urinary tract infections: Types of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) UTIs can attack various urinary system segments, causing varied symptoms. … Read more
34 min read 
An electron microscope is an instrument which produces an image of a sample by means of a beam of electrons. Optical microscopes use light to form an image, electron microscopes have greater resolution, and can be used to observe objects that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. In a large variety … Read more
17 min read 
What is cryo-EM? Principle of cryo EM Types of cryo EM Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a collection of special methods. These are broadly categorized into two types, mainly cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Each has its own advantage in the analysis of biological samples in their native state, frozen by cryo-preparation. … Read more
10 min read 
What is Theta model of DNA Replication? The theta model of DNA replication is a mechanism for DNA replication which occurs in circular DNA molecules, in particular, those of bacteria, and also the mitochondria and chloroplasts. True to its name, this replication process creates an intermediate structure during replication that resembles the Greek letter theta … Read more
11 min read 
What is Codon? Molecular biologists define a codon as three nucleotides of DNA or RNA. Such is said to code for some particular amino acid, but it may also work as a signal in the course of regulation during the synthesis of protein. In brief, life proceeds generation after generation due to complex steps that … Read more
2 revisions 13 min read 
A game changer for the microscopic world is epi-fluorescence microscopy. Imagine being able to see cells as vibrant, dynamic creatures showing off their inner workings instead of just as static objects. This method, based on the principle of fluorescence, has opened up the hidden details of life at the cellular level and made the invisible … Read more
8 revisions 23 min read 
What is Telomerase? Telomerase (terminal transferase) is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends telomeres, the repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomeres function as protective caps, stopping chromosome ends from being erroneously perceived as DNA damage or from bonding with neighboring chromosomes. Most eukaryotes use telomerase to maintain their telomeres, but some organisms, … Read more
7 revisions 49 min read
What Are Telomeres (telomere)? At the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes are specialized structures called telomeres. DNA degradation is prevented by repetitive nucleotide sequences of the telomere, which caps and so stabilizes chromosomal DNA during cell division. The termini of chromosomes not only have no translation product but instead have a highly important role in … Read more
5 revisions 14 min read 
Plasmids are small circular molecules of DNA that exist independently of chromosomal DNA within a cell. Because they replicate independently, these molecules are called replicons. The plasmids have an origin of replication known as the ori site from which replication begins. Plasmids encode a few of their own proteins, but when it comes to replication … Read more