Microbiology

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Telomeres – Structure, Aging, Shortening, Functions

48 min readby
Telomeres and Telomerase

What Are Telomeres (telomere)? Telomeres Definition Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect DNA from degradation and prevent chromosomes from fusing together. They play a vital role in maintaining genomic stability and shorten with each cell division, a process linked to aging and cellular lifespan. Telomere Structure Telomeres … Read more

Various model of Replication – Theta, rolling circle, and linear DNA replication

13 min readby
Various model of Replication - Theta, rolling circle, and linear DNA replication

1. Rolling circle replication Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a unidirectional mode of nucleic acid replication that efficiently generates multiple copies of circular DNA or RNA molecules. This process is commonly observed in plasmids, bacteriophage genomes, viroids, and certain eukaryotic viruses that use it to replicate their genetic material. The mechanism is a hallmark of … Read more

Theta Model of Replication – Steps, Applications, Examples

10 min readby
Theta Model of Replication - Definition, Mechanism

What is Theta model of DNA Replication? Procedure of Theta (θ) Model of Replication (Phases of Theta (θ) Model of Replication) The theta model of DNA replication primarily occurs in circular DNA, where the replication process creates a structure that resembles the Greek letter theta (θ). This replication mechanism is common in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly proteobacteria, … Read more

Gluconeogenesis – Definition, Steps, Reactions, Substrates, Importance

18 min readby
Gluconeogenesis - Definition, Steps, Reactions, Substrates, Importance

What is Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis Definition Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, primarily in the liver and kidneys, to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or low carbohydrate intake. Location of Gluconeogenesis – Where does Gluconeogenesis Occur? Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the liver, which … Read more

Galactose Metabolism – Steps, Importance, Leloir Pathway

19 min readby
Galactose Metabolism - Steps, Importance, Leloir Pathway

What is Galactose? What is Galactose Metabolism? Where does Galactose Metabolism take Place? Structure and Isomerism of Galactose Galactose exists in both an open-chain and a cyclic form. It is a monosaccharide with distinct structural properties and isomeric forms that play important roles in biological processes. Galactose Metabolism Steps Galactose metabolism is a series of … Read more

Glycogenesis – Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Importance

12 min readby
Glycogenesis Steps

What is Glycogenesis? Definition of Glycogenesis Glycogenesis is the biological process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose molecules, primarily in the liver and muscles, for energy storage and glucose homeostasis. Key Enzymes in Glycogenesis Glycogenesis is the biochemical process that converts glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle tissues. This process relies on … Read more

Glycogenolysis – Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Functions

13 min readby
Glycogenolysis - Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Functions

What is Glycogenolysis? Glycogenolysis Definition Glycogenolysis is the enzymatic process of breaking down glycogen, a stored polysaccharide, into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose to provide energy or maintain blood sugar levels during fasting or increased energy demand. Glycogenolysis Location Glycogenolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, primarily in the liver and skeletal muscles, with minimal activity in … Read more

Fate of Pyruvate – Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Alcohol Formation

10 min readby
Fate of Pyruvate: Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Alcohol Formation.

What do you mean by Fate of Pyruvate? Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, represents a central intermediate in cellular metabolism. Glycolysis is a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH in the process. This pathway, also known as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, … Read more

Glycogen – Structure, Functions, Examples

9 revisions 30 min readby
Glycogen - Defintion, Structure, Functions, Examples

What is Glycogen? Definition of Glycogen Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide made of glucose units that serves as the primary form of glucose storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscles and acts as a readily mobilized energy source when the body needs glucose. Characteristics of Glycogen Glycogen … Read more

Glycolysis – Definition, Steps, Enzymes, Regulation, Result

9 revisions 41 min readby
Glycolysis and Glycolytic Enzymes

What is glycolysis? Definition of glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic process in which glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is broken down into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules. This anaerobic pathway occurs in the cytosol and is a key step in cellular energy production. Major Features of … Read more

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