Okazaki fragment’ refer as short DNA piece’s that are synthesized on the Lagging Strand during the semi-discontinuous Replication process, and it is worth mentioning that these piece’s usually appear in to a repeated pattern. They are generated when DNA polymerase move’s only in the 5’→3’ direction,so the opposite template strand gets copied in small sections … Read more
The Fate of Pyruvate can be defined as the different metabolic direction’s that pyruvate (end product of Glycolysis Pathway) is taken in cells depending on O₂ level’s,enzyme’s etc. It is important to note that pyruvate’s position is kind of central,it links the Glycolysis with the Krebs Cycle, And also with fermentation route’s. In aerobic condition’s … Read more
Post-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an primary RNA transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell.
What is Budding? Definition of Budding Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or “bud” on the parent organism, eventually detaching to live independently. Types of Budding I. Types of Biological Budding (Asexual Reproduction) II. Types of Horticultural Budding (Plant Grafting Techniques) 1. Budding in Plants … Read more
What is Polarizing Microscope? Principles of Polarized Light Microscopes The Light Path and Image Formation of Polarized Light Microscopes Parts of a Polarized Light Microscope 1. Light Source – usually a halogen bulb that gives bright white light; it must be stable so the color don’t change by heating or voltage drift. 2. Condenser – … Read more
What is Nondisjunction? Types of Nondisjunction Causes of Nondisjunction Molecular Biology of Nondisjunction Consequences of Nondisjunction The nondisjunction is the failure when chromosomes don’t separate properly during cell division (like meiosis/mitosis), causing abnormal number of chromosomes in daughter cells. Such imbalance is termed as aneuploidy, sometimes loss of one (monosomy 2n–1) or gain of one … Read more
Membrane Filter Technique can define as a physical separation process, which based mainly on size / molecular weight of particles in a liquid or gas stream. In this method a thin semi-permeable membrane (often made from cellulose nitrate/acetate) is used, and pressure is applied to push the feed solution by it. The smaller components pass … Read more
What are plasmids? Copy Number and Physical Nature of Plasmids Properties of Plasmids Plasmid Replication Mechanism 1. Rolling circle Mode of Replication Rolling-Circle Replication (RCR) is described as a method of DNA replication that is used by some viruses, plasmids and circular genetic elements. A single-strand nick is introduced at the origin and the 5′-end … Read more
History and Development in industrial microbiology The history of Industrial Microbiology is divided into five main phases, each was defined by dominant products and technologies. Ancient Origins and Pre-Scientific Use Phase I — Alcohol Fermentation Period (Before 1900) Phase II — Antibiotic Period (1900–1940) Phase III — Single Cell Protein (SCP) Period (1940–1964) Phase IV … Read more
What is genetic variation? Genetic variation is the differences that are found in the DNA sequences among individuals of the same species. It’s what makes every organism a bit different from others even they belong to same population. Inside populations, variation is mostly caused by mutations, recombination / crossing over (during meiosis), and sometimes by … Read more
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