Autoclave validation is needed to prove that the autoclave is consistently giving effective sterilization of materials to a required Sterility Assurance Level (SAL). Sterility cannot be guaranteed only by testing the finished product. So, the process has to be validated and documented. Validation is done to check the correct physical parameters like temperature, pressure, and … Read more
A simple microscope is an optical device consisting of a single convex lens that magnifies objects by enlarging their image through light refraction. Simple Microscope is a simple optical instrument used to magnify very small objects so that they can be seen by the unaided eye. It is mainly a single convex lens (mostly double … Read more
pH meter is an instrument used to measure pH of a solution. It measures the hydrogen ion activity in water based solution. It is used to know whether solution is acidic or alkaline. It works on potentiometry principle. It measures the difference in electrical potential between a measuring electrode and a reference electrode. The measuring … Read more
HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) is a liquid chromatography technique used to separate, identify and quantify different components present in a liquid mixture. It is also called high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is used when accurate separation is needed in a mixture. In this technique, a liquid solvent is used as mobile phase and the column is … Read more
Diaphragm of a microscope is a thin opaque disc like part having a circular opening (aperture) which can be adjusted. It is fitted in the light path of microscope, mostly below the stage and near the condenser. It controls the passage of light that will go to the specimen. The main work of diaphragm is … Read more
UV-Vis spectroscopy (Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy) is an analytical technique used to measure the amount of ultraviolet and visible light absorbed or transmitted by a chemical sample. It measures light in UV and visible region. The reading is taken as absorbance or transmittance. This technique relies on interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. When molecules are exposed … Read more
UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to measure the absorption or transmission of ultraviolet and visible light by a sample. It works in UV region (about 190–400 nm) and visible region (about 400–800 nm). It is a fast and simple method used in both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The absorption is recorded as … Read more
Objective lens is the most important lens of an optical microscope, which is kept closest to the specimen. It is the first lens that collects the light coming from the specimen (emitted or reflected). It bends the light rays and forms a real, magnified image at an intermediate image plane. This primary image is then … Read more
Microscope condenser is an optical lens system placed below the stage of the microscope between the light source and the specimen. It is used to collect the divergent light rays and concentrate them as a cone of light on the specimen. It helps in giving uniform illumination so that the light can pass through the … Read more
Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) is a chromatographic separation technique used to separate and purify molecules based on their net surface charge. It works mainly for charged biomolecules like proteins, peptides, amino acids and nucleic acids. In this method, separation depends on electrostatic attraction between the sample and the charged stationary phase. Ion exchange chromatography is … Read more
