Immunology is the branch of biology which study about immune system.
It deals with how body protect itself from pathogens, like bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites and other foreign particles.
In immunology we study about-
So, simple meaning-
Immunology is the study of body defense mechanism against harmful foreign agents.
Hypersensitivity is an abnormal immune reaction of the body. It is an exaggerated response against an antigen. This reaction causes tissue damage and different physiological disturbances in the body. Normally immune system protects the body from harmful substances. But in hypersensitivity, the same immune system reacts in harmful way. It may react against harmless substances … Read more
Cytotoxic T cells are special type of white blood cells present in the adaptive immune system. These cells are commonly called CD8⁺ T cells. They are mainly used to destroy the body cells which are infected by virus, intracellular pathogens or changed into cancerous cells. Cytotoxic T cells continuously move in the body and check … Read more
Cell mediated immune response is a type of adaptive immune response in which T lymphocytes directly react against the foreign antigen. It does not mainly depend on circulating antibody. It is mostly active against intracellular pathogens, infected cells and some abnormal cells. This immune response is mainly carried out by cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺) and … Read more
Immunological tolerance is a state of specific unresponsiveness of the immune system against a particular antigen. In this condition, the immune system does not produce destructive reaction against that antigen. It is a normal protective mechanism of the body. It helps the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self substances. The immune system can … Read more
Transmission of diseases is defined as the process by which an infectious agent is transferred from its natural habitat (reservoir) to a new susceptible host. It is the movement of pathogens from one individual to another or from environment to human. This process is an essential part of the chain of infection. Without transmission the … Read more
What is Cancer Immunotherapy? Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signals Can Enhance Immunity Enhancement of APC Activity Can Modulate Tumor Immunity Cytokine Therapy Can Augment Immune Responses to Tumors Interferons Tumor Necrosis Factors In Vitro–Activated LAK And TIL Cells Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies Key Facts
What is Fermentation media? For a good output of product during a fermentation process, the selection of the optimal microorganisms and fermentation media is crucial. As it provides nutrients and energy for the growth of microorganisms, the quality of fermentation media is vital. This medium serves as a substrate for the production of a product … Read more
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a type of electrophoresis technique that uses a narrow capillary to separate charged molecules (ions) based on their migration towards electrodes under the influence of an electric field. It is a high-resolution and fast method for the analysis of small molecules, DNA, and proteins. The importance of CE lies in its … Read more
In 1896, two bacteriologists, Herbert Edward Durham and Max von Gruber, independently discovered specific agglutination. In honour of the discoverers, this reaction was given the name GruberDurham reaction. Later, Gruber designated as “agglutinin” any chemical that induced an agglutination reaction (from the Latin). Fernand Widal (1862–1929) employed agglutination to diagnose typhoid disease in the same … Read more
What is Opsonization? Opsonization Definition Opsonization is the process of coating antigens with molecules called opsonins, which mark them for recognition and engulfment by immune cells, enhancing the efficiency of the immune response. Mechanism of Opsonization The mechanism was usually divided into two main pathways, antibody-mediated opsonization and complement-mediated opsonization. Both systems worked separately but … Read more
