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Types of Immunoelectrophoresis

Published on May 17, 2024 17 min readby BNO Team

What is Immunoelectrophoresis? Types of Immunoelectrophoresis There are 4 types of Immunoelectrophoresis; 1. Classical immunoelectrophoresis Advantages In summary, classical immunoelectrophoresis offers the advantages of separating complex mixtures, identifying individual components, specificity in immunoprecipitation reactions, simplicity in procedure, and providing visual and informative results. 2. Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, also known as crossover immunoelectrophoresis, utilizes … Read more

Thick and Thin Blood Smear for Malaria Diagnosis

Published on May 17, 2024 27 min readby BNO Team

A blood film or Peripheral blood smear (PBS) must be prepared from capillary blood or a drop of blood from an EDTA (anticoagulant) blood sample. Blood examination under the microscope requires blood smears. The Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) is typically determined by blood smears. The DLC entails counting 100 white blood cells (WBCs) and noting … Read more

Neutralization Test – Definition, Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications

Published on May 17, 2024 32 min readby BNO Team

What is Neutralization Test? Principle of Neutralization The neutralization principle is based on the understanding that certain antibodies or antitoxins can reduce or neutralize the various biological effects caused by enzymes, toxins, and viruses. There are two main types of neutralization tests: In both types of neutralization tests, the goal is to assess the ability … Read more

Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Method

Published on May 17, 2024 15 min readby BNO Team

Classification of Immunodiffusion The process of immuno-diffusion allows the determination or detection of antigens and antibodies through their precipitation that involves diffusion through a substance, such as gel agarose or agar. Simply, it denotes precipitation in a gel. It’s one of the many methods to create a precipitate from an antibody and a specific antigen. … Read more

Complement Fixation Test – Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications

Published on May 17, 2024 17 min readby BNO Team

What is Complement Fixation? Principle of Complement Fixation Test The principle of the complement fixation test is based on the interaction between antigens, antibodies, and complement proteins. When an antigen and antibody come into contact, they form an antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex. This complex then interacts with complement proteins and becomes fixed with them. As a … Read more

Detect the presence of specific antibody and quantitate the amount of antibody in patient’s serum

Published on May 17, 2024 4 min readby BNO Team

Such is the case with the slide and tube Widal test. The agglutinins against the ‘0’ (somatic) and ‘H’ (flagellar) antigens of Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, and paratyphi B are measured qualitatively (slide test) and quantitatively (Tube test) using a suspension of suitable organisms that have been killed. Widal-quantitative tube agglutination test This test aids … Read more

Haemagglutination Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Material

Published on May 17, 2024 25 min readby BNO Team

What is Hemagglutination assay? Haemagglutination Test Principle The fundamental principle underlying the hemagglutination test revolves around the interaction between antigens and antibodies present on the surface of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). When these antigens encounter their corresponding complementary antibodies or vice versa, they bind together, resulting in the agglutination or clumping of the RBCs. This … Read more

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

Published on May 17, 2024 5 min readby BNO Team

The nucleic acids of many viruses encode surface proteins (such as hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus) that agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) of numerous species. Hemagglutination is the process by which viral hemagglutinins react with red blood cells to form a lattice of agglutinated cells that settle unevenly in a tube or microtiter well. Unagglutinated … Read more

Anion Exchange Chromatography – Principle, Protocol, Applications

Published on May 17, 2024 14 min readby BNO Team

What is Anion Exchange Chromatography? Principle of Anion Exchange Chromatography The principle of anion exchange chromatography is based on the net surface charge of proteins, which changes with the pH and is determined by their isoelectric point (pI). The pI of a protein is the pH at which it carries no net charge. Below the … Read more

Cation Exchange Chromatography – Principle, Protocol, Uses

Published on May 17, 2024 13 min readby BNO Team

What is Cation Exchange Chromatography? Cation Exchange Chromatography Principles The principles of cation exchange chromatography are based on the net surface charge of proteins and the concept of isoelectric point (pI). The net surface charge of a protein can change with the pH of the surrounding environment. The pI of a protein refers to the … Read more