Avatar for Sourav Pan

Sourav Pan

Founder of Biology Notes Online, Biology & Microbiology Educator, M.Sc. in Microbiology
Expertise
Microbiology, Immunology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology
Education
University of Calcutta
Profile Last Updated: August 10, 2026

Sourav Pan is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and an M.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of Calcutta. He creates educational resources covering microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, botany, zoology, and other life-science subjects.

His goal is to make complex biological concepts easier to understand through well-structured, student-friendly articles based on academic textbooks, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative scientific sources. In addition to writing new content, he regularly reviews and updates articles to improve their accuracy, clarity, and educational value.

Laboratory Flask – Types, Procedure, Limitations, Uses

Laboratory Flask - Definition, Types, Uses

Laboratory flask is a specialized vessel or container commonly used as glassware in scientific laboratory. It is generally made up of temperature and chemical resistant borosilicate glass. Sometimes it is also made from different plastics depending on the experimental need. Laboratory flasks are found in different shapes and sizes. Their volume is usually measured in … Read more

DNA Analyzer – Principle, Parts, Operating, Applications

DNA Analyzer - Principle, Parts, Operating, Applications

DNA Analyzer is a precision scientific instrument that is used to automate the process of genetic analysis. It is also commonly referred to as DNA sequencer. It determines the exact order of four nucleotide bases such as adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) present in a DNA sample. Modern DNA analyzer combines … Read more

ELISA Plate Reader (Microplate Reader) – Principle, Parts, Uses

ELISA Plate Reader - Microplate Reader or Assay Reader

What is ELISA? ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a laboratory technique used to detect and quantify antigen or antibody in a given sample. It is an immunological test in which specific antigen-antibody reaction is used for detection. It is commonly used for detecting toxins, viruses, hormones, proteins and other foreign substances in blood, cell lysate, … Read more

Magnetic Stirrer – Principle, Types, Parts, Uses

Magnetic Stirrer - Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Uses

Magnetic Stirrer is a laboratory device used to mix liquid solutions automatically without direct manual contact. It is also known as magnetic mixer. It works by producing a rotating magnetic field below the top plate of the instrument. The rotating magnetic field is produced either by a motorized spinning magnet or by stationary electromagnets. A … Read more

18 Types of Centrifuges with their Principle and Uses

Types of Centrifuges

Centrifuge is a laboratory device that is used to separate different components of liquid or gas mixture on the basis of their density. It is commonly operated by an electric motor. The sample tubes are placed inside a rotor and the rotor rotates very rapidly around a fixed central axis. This rapid rotation produces centrifugal … Read more

Centrifuge – Principle, Parts, Types, Applications

Centrifuge - Definition, Principle, Parts, Types

Centrifuge is a mechanical device used to separate the components of liquid or gaseous mixture on the basis of their size, shape and density. It is operated by placing the sample mixture in tubes or containers which are fitted inside a rotor. The rotor is then rotated at very high speed around a fixed central … Read more

Centrifuge tube – Definition, Types, Applications, Sizes

Centrifuge tube - Definition, Types, Applications, Sizes

Centrifuge tube is a specialized tube that is used to hold liquid samples during centrifugation. It is made up of strong and durable material so that it can tolerate high rotational force without breaking or leakage. It is commonly used in biological, medical and chemical laboratories. During centrifugation, the tube is placed inside the centrifuge … Read more

20 Instruments used in Microbiology Lab With their uses – Top Microbiology Lab Instruments

20 Instruments used in Microbiology Lab With their uses - Top Microbiology Lab Instruments

The most commonly used equipment is inoculation needles, transfer loops, inoculation, Bunsen burner, autoclave (or pressure cooker) incubators, hot air oven centrifuge, spectrophotometer magnetic stirrer electric shaker and rotary shaker heating plate, heating mantle distillation plant, UV-lamp carbon dioxide cylinder, water-bath and a single-pan balance that has weights (for general use) chemical balance, fine analytical … Read more