31 min read 
What is Most Probable Number (MPN) Test? Definition of Most Probable Number (MPN) Test The Most Probable Number (MPN) test is a statistical method used to estimate the concentration of microorganisms, particularly indicator organisms, in a sample by analyzing positive and negative reactions in a series of tests. It is commonly employed in water quality … Read more
24 min read 
The main purpose of simple staining is to determine the cell shape, size, and arrangement of bacterial cells.
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In negative staining method, an acidic dye is used known as India Ink or Nigrosin. When the bacterial cells are exposed to this stain, due to the presence of acidic nature it readily gives up a hydrogen ion (proton) and the chromophore. As a result, the dye becomes negatively charged, now the bacterial cell surface deflects the stain.
25 min read 
In molecular biology Western blotting is a rapid and sensitive assay for detection and characterization of proteins. This technique exploits the inherent specificity of antigen-antibody interaction to identify specific antigens by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
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The lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) wet mount preparation is the most used method for staining and viewing fungus, and its preparation is straightforward. The formulation contains the following ingredients: As a mounting medium and staining agent, lactophenol cotton blue solution is used to prepare slides for microscopic study of fungus. Elements of fungi are dyed … Read more
7 min read 
What is Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining? Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a commonly used histological staining technique that is used to visualize the structure of cells and tissues in a sample. The staining is performed by first staining the tissue with hematoxylin, a basic dye that stains acidic structures such as the cytoplasm … Read more
22 min read 
The term Giemsa stain originated from a name of German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa. He apply this stain with a combination of reagents to detect the presence of malaria parasites. This stain is used for nucleic acid staining and histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites. Giemsa Stain is a types of Romanowsky stains … Read more
23 min read 
What is Acid Fast Stain? Objective of Acid Fast Stain Principle of Acid Fast Stain The principle of the Acid Fast Stain revolves around the unique characteristics of certain bacterial cells, particularly their resistance to conventional staining methods due to the presence of mycolic acid in their outer membrane. This expository explanation aims to elucidate … Read more
15 min read 
What is Chlamydia? Distribution of Chlamydia species Chlamydia species have a wide distribution across the world, and their prevalence varies in different regions. The family Chlamydiaceae, which includes the genus Chlamydia, is believed to have originated from the Order Chlamydiales approximately seven million years ago. However, evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections has been found dating … Read more
19 min read 
Negative staining is a method used to visualize viruses and other small particles under a microscope. In this method, a drop of the sample is placed on a flat surface and a small amount of a negatively charged stain is added to the sample. The stain surrounds the virus particle, but does not adhere to … Read more