Simple Microscope – Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses

Simple Microscope: Working Principle, Uses, Parts, and their Functions.

What is Simple Microscope? Definition of Simple Microscope A simple microscope is an optical device consisting of a single convex lens that magnifies objects by enlarging their image through light refraction. Principle of Simple Microscope Working Mechanism of Simple Microscope This ray diagram in below, explains how simple microscopes is working; Magnification of a simple … Read more

PH Meter – Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Calibration, Application, Examples

PH Meter - Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Calibration, Application, Examples

What is pH Meter? A pH meter is a critical instrument used for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions, quantified in terms of pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a value of 7 denotes neutrality, values below 7 indicate acidity, and values above 7 denote alkalinity. This scale reflects … Read more

HPLC – Principle, Instrumentation, Types, Uses, Diagram

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

What is HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography)? Principle of HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) Instrumentation of HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a sophisticated analytical technique that relies on a precise set of instruments to achieve effective separation, detection, and analysis of chemical compounds. The key components of an HPLC system include the mobile phase reservoir, solvent … Read more

Northern Blotting – Protocol, Principle, Application, Result

Northern Blot Protocol, Principle, Application, Result

Northern blotting or Northern hybridization is a widely used technique in molecular biology to determine the molecular weight of mRNA and to measure relative amounts of mRNA present in different samples and for identifying alternatively spliced transcripts and multigene family members.

Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates

Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates

What is Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates? Objective of Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method Principle of Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method The principle of the Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method centers on the reaction of carbohydrates with strong acid and heat, leading to the production of detectable compounds. This method involves the breakdown of carbohydrates—such as simple sugars, oligosaccharides, or … Read more

Osazone Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

Osazone Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, Result

What is Osazone Test? The Osazone test is a biochemical method used to identify reducing sugars. This test is also known as the Phenylhydrazine test, referring to the reagent employed in the procedure. It distinguishes reducing sugars based on the time it takes for the osazone complex to form. Carbohydrates, or sugars, are defined chemically … Read more

Most Probable Number (MPN) Test – Principle, Procedure, Results

Most Probable Number (MPN) Test: Principle, Procedure, Results

What is Most Probable Number (MPN) Test? Definition of Most Probable Number (MPN) Test The Most Probable Number (MPN) test is a statistical method used to estimate the concentration of microorganisms, particularly indicator organisms, in a sample by analyzing positive and negative reactions in a series of tests. It is commonly employed in water quality … Read more

Negative Staining – Principle, Procedure, Result

Negative Staining result

In negative staining method, an acidic dye is used known as India Ink or Nigrosin. When the bacterial cells are exposed to this stain, due to the presence of acidic nature it readily gives up a hydrogen ion (proton) and the chromophore. As a result, the dye becomes negatively charged, now the bacterial cell surface deflects the stain.

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