Immunology - Biology Notes Online

Biological Consequences of Complement Activation

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

The Membrane-Attack Complex Can Lyse a Broad Spectrum of Cells Cleavage Products of Complement Components Mediate Inflammation C3b and C4b Binding Facilitates Opsonization The Complement System Also Neutralizes Viral Infectivity The Complement System Clears Immune Complexes from Circulation Complement Deficiencies C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, and C2 Deficiencies C3 deficiencies Homozygous deficiencies Congenital deficiencies The majority … Read more

Classical Pathway of Complement Activation

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

The classical pathway is a key immune system mechanism that plays an important role in defending the body from foreign invaders. It consists of a series of sequential interactions among complement components that result in the killing of target cells via a process known as cell lysis. The presence of an antibody attached to an antigen, … Read more

Alternative Pathway of Complement System

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Alternative pathway of the complement system ? Activators of the alternative pathway Activators of the alternative pathway of complement activation include Steps of activation of alternative pathway Four serum proteins comprise the initial component of the alternative pathway: C3b, factor B, factor D, and properdin. 1. C3bB complex Formation 2. C3bB Cleavage 3. … Read more

Lectin Pathway of the Complement System

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

An Overview of Complement System What is Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation? Components of Lectin Pathway 1. Mannose-binding lectin Structural subunits of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins 2. MBL serum levels and MBL2 gene polymorphisms 3. Ficolins Ficolin-1 Ficolin-2 Ficolin-3 4. MBL-associated serine proteases Steps, Mechanism, Process of Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway, also known … Read more

Expression of MHC Molecules

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

1. The SXY–CIITA Regulatory System 2. TNF- And IFN-Induced Expression Of Mhc Class I 3. Expression Of Mhc Class Ib Genes 4. Other Regulatory Pathways Governing Mhc Class II Gene Expression

MHC Genes – H-2 Complex and HLA Complex

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

What is HLA Complex? What is H-2 Complex? Detailed Organization Of The H-2 Complex 1. Murine MHC Class I Genes 2. Murine 2-Microglobulin Gene 3. Murine MHC Class Ib Genes 4. Murine MHC Class II Genes 5. Murine MHC Class IIb Genes 6. Murine Non-MHC Genes in the MHC 7. Murine MHC Class III Genes … Read more

Antigen-Antibody Interaction Reaction – Definition, Types, Examples, Properties

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

Antigen-Antibody (Ag-Ab) Interaction refers to the biochemical reaction that occurs between antibodies and specific antigens when they come into close proximity, typically within a distance of several nanometers. This interaction plays a critical role in the immune response against foreign substances and pathogens in the body. The binding of antibodies to specific antigens is facilitated … Read more

Antigen – Definition, Types, Structure, Detection, Properties

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Antigen? Antigen Definition An antigen is a foreign molecule or substance that triggers an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies. or An antigen is a substance that can stimulate an immune response in the body. It can be a molecule or a part of a molecule, such as … Read more

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

Antigen Presentation Definition Antigen-Presenting Cells Definition Types of Antigen-Presenting Cells Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories: Antigen-presenting cells that contain MHC class II molecules, co-stimulatory molecules, and pattern recognition receptors are often referred to be “professional.” Non-professional APCs express molecules of MHC class I. 1. Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells a. Macrophages Activation of Macrophages For macrophages … Read more

Agglutination Test – definition, Types, Uses, Advantages, Disadvantages

Published on: April 9, 2024 by BNO Team

Toolmakers Microscope - Principle, Procedure, Parts, Applications

In this article we will learn about Agglutination test definition, Types, Uses, Advantages, Disadvantages, Aim of Agglutination Test, Specimen collection, application of Agglutination test and finally Examples of Agglutination test. Agglutination Test Agglutination Test is a clinical assay used for the detection of Antibody or Antigen in body fluids such as saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, … Read more